Perennial vegetables: A neglected resource for biodiversity, carbon sequestration, and nutrition

cobenefit. Their suitability to a wide range of climates, as well as for growing conditions adverse to annual vegetables, indicates a potential for scaling up production across a broad geographic range. Carbon sequestration impacts are variable depending on the assumptions used. The mitiga- tion potential of PVs will be greater if a) global vegetable area is increased to be sufficient to Fig 4. Proportions of perennial vegetables with one or more superabundant nutrients by plant form and part consumed. Nutrient levels are classified as superabundant when they are higher than the highest level of that nutrient among the reference vegetables. Here the percentage of crops with one or more superabundant nutrients is displayed for 240 perennial vegetables broken down by plant form and part used. The numbers of crops within each category are displayed along the top of the plot. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0234611.g004 Table 4. Multi-nutrient species to address traditional malnutrition. Name Form Thermal Climate Moisture Part Fe Zn A Folate Cnidoscolus aconitifolius Woody Tropical Humid, semi-arid, arid Leaf XH XH Malva sylvestris Perennial herb Temperate, boreal/arctic Humid Leaf XH XH Manihot esculenta Woody Tropical Humid, semi-arid Leaf XH XH VH Momordica cochinchinensis Perennial vine Tropical Humid Leaf, unripe fruit, fruit VH VH VH H Monochoria vaginalis Perennial herb Tropical Aquatic Leaf VH VH VH Moringa oleifera Woody Tropical Humid, semi-arid Leaf, unripe fruit, flowerbud XH VH VH

Morus alba Woody Tropical, temperate Humid, semi-arid Leaf XH XH VH Persicaria barbata Perennial herb Tropical Humid Leaf XH VH VH Pterocarpus mildbraedii Woody Tropical Humid Leaf XH XH Salix reticulata Woody Boreal/arctic Humid Leaf XH XH Senna obtusifolia Woody Tropical Humid Leaf� XH XH Senna sophera Woody Tropical Humid Leaf VH VH VH H Solanum aethiopicum Perennial herb Tropical� Humid, semi-arid Leaf XH VH VH Toona sinensis Woody Tropical, temperate Humid, semi-arid Leaf XH XH XH Ulmus pumila Woody Temperate, boreal/arctic Humid, semi-arid, arid Fruit XH XH Vitis vinifera Perennial vine Tropical, temperate, boreal/arctic Humid, semi-arid Leaf VH VH VH “Tropical” indicates lowland tropics, highland tropics, and/or subtropics. “Temperate” indicates warm temperate and/or cold temperate. “Boreal/arctic” indicates boreal and/or arctic. “XH” indicates extremely high levels, over twice the highest level found in the reference crops. “VH” indicates very high levels between the highest level of reference crops and double the level of reference crops. “H” indicates high levels, in the highest tertile of the reference crops. � Cultivated for its young leaves as a vegetable in four African countries, but mature leaves are a powerful laxative [36]. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0234611.t004 PLOS ONE Perennial vegetables: A neglected resource for biodiversity, carbon sequestration, and nutrition PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0234611 July 10, 2020 12 / 19