Impacts of climate change on agro-climatic suitability of major food crops in Ghana

29. Oliphant A, Thenkabail P, Teluguntla P, Xiong J, Congalton R, Yadav K, et al. NASA Making Earth Sys- tem Data Records for Use in Research Environments (MEaSUREs) Global Food Security-support Anal- ysis Data (GFSAD) Cropland Extent 2015 Africa 30 m V001. 2017. 30. Senagi KM, Jouandeau N, Kamoni P. Machine Learning Algorithms for Predicting Land Suitability in Crop Production: A Review. Advances in Mass Data.1. 31. Tamsekar P, Deshmukh N, Bhalchandra P, Kulkarni G, Hambarde K, Husen S. Comparative Analysis of Supervised Machine Learning Algorithms for GIS-Based Crop Selection Prediction Model. Comput- ing and Network Sustainability: Springer; 2019. p. 309–14. 32. Holzka¨ mper A, Calanca P, Fuhrer J. Identifying climatic limitations to grain maize yield potentials using a suitability evaluation approach. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology. 2013; 168:149–59. 33. Bradley BA, Estes LD, Hole DG, Holness S, Oppenheimer M, Turner WR, et al. Predicting how adapta- tion to climate change could affect ecological conservation: secondary impacts of shifting agricultural suitability. Diversity and Distributions. 2012; 18(5):425–37. 34. FAO. FAO GIEWS Country Brief for Ghana (2017). Rome, Italy FAO, 2017. 35. Funk C, Peterson P, Landsfeld M, Pedreros D, Verdin J, Shukla S, et al. The climate hazards infrared precipitation with stations—a new environmental record for monitoring extremes. Scientific data. 2015; 2:150066. https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2015.66 PMID: 26646728 36. Weedon GP, Balsamo G, Bellouin N, Gomes S, Best MJ, Viterbo P. The WFDEI meteorological forcing

data set: WATCH Forcing Data methodology applied to ERA-Interim reanalysis data. Water Resources Research. 2014; 50(9):7505–14. 37. Batjes NH. ISRIC-WISE derived soil properties on a 5 by 5 arc-minutes global grid (ver. 1.2). ISRIC- World Soil Information, 2012. 38. Dunne JP, John JG, Adcroft AJ, Griffies SM, Hallberg RW, Shevliakova E, et al. GFDL’s ESM2 global coupled climate–carbon earth system models. Part I: Physical formulation and baseline simulation char- acteristics. Journal of Climate. 2012; 25(19):6646–65. 39. Dunne JP, John JG, Shevliakova E, Stouffer RJ, Krasting JP, Malyshev SL, et al. GFDL’s ESM2 global coupled climate–carbon earth system models. Part II: carbon system formulation and baseline simula- tion characteristics. Journal of Climate. 2013; 26(7):2247–67. 40. Jones C, Hughes J, Bellouin N, Hardiman S, Jones G, Knight J, et al. The HadGEM2-ES implementa- tion of CMIP5 centennial simulations. Geoscientific Model Development. 2011; 4(3):543–70. 41. Mignot J, Bony S. Presentation and analysis of the IPSL and CNRM climate models used in CMIP5. Cli- mate Dyn. 2013; 40:2089. 42. Watanabe S, Hajima T, Sudo K, Nagashima T, Takemura T, Okajima H, et al. MIROC-ESM 2010: Model description and basic results of CMIP5-20c3m experiments. Geoscientific Model Development. 2011; 4(4):845. 43. Lange S. EartH2Observe, WFDEI and ERA-Interim data Merged and Bias-corrected for ISIMIP (EWEMBI), GFZ Data Services. 2016. 44. Hannah L, Roehrdanz PR, Ikegami M, Shepard AV, Shaw MR, Tabor G, et al. Climate change, wine,

and conservation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2013; 110(17):6907–12. 45. Hummel M, Hallahan BF, Brychkova G, Ramirez-Villegas J, Guwela V, Chataika B, et al. Reduction in nutritional quality and growing area suitability of common bean under climate change induced drought stress in Africa. Scientific Reports. 2018; 8(1):16187. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-33952-4 PMID: 30385766 46. Ramirez-Cabral NY, Kumar L, Shabani F. Global alterations in areas of suitability for maize production from climate change and using a mechanistic species distribution model (CLIMEX). Scientific Reports. 2017; 7(1):5910. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-05804-0 PMID: 28724952 47. Preve´ y JS, Parker LE, Harrington CA, Lamb CT, Proctor MF. Climate change shifts in habitat suitability and phenology of huckleberry (Vaccinium membranaceum). Agricultural and Forest Meteorology. 2020; 280:107803. 48. Hamzeh S, Mokarram M, Haratian A, Bartholomeus H, Ligtenberg A, Bregt AK. Feature selection as a time and cost-saving approach for land suitability classification (case study of Shavur Plain, Iran). Agri- culture. 2016; 6(4):52. 49. Ogunde A, Olanbo AR. A web-based decision support system for evaluating soil suitability for cassava cultivation. ASTESJ. 2017; 2(1):42–50. 50. Kahsay A, Haile M, Gebresamuel G, Mohammed M. GIS-based multi-criteria model for land suitability evaluation of rainfed teff crop production in degraded semi-arid highlands of Northern Ethiopia. Model- ing Earth Systems and Environment. 2018; 4(4):1467–86. PLOS ONE

Climate change and food crops suitability in Ghana PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229881 June 29, 2020 19 / 21