Climate change in Europe between 90 and 50 kyr BP and Neanderthal territorial habitability

18. Ray N. Mode´ lisation de la de´mographie des populations humaines pre´ historiques à l’aide de donne´ es environnementales et ge´ne´tiques [doctorat]. [Genève]: Genève; 2003. 19. Phillips SJ, Dudı´k M, Schapire RE. Maxent software for modeling species niches and distributions (Ver- sion 3.4.4) [Internet]. 2020. Available from: http://biodiversityinformatics.amnh.org/open_source/ maxent. 20. Phillips SJ, Anderson RP, Schapire RE. Maximum entropy modeling of species geographic distribu- tions. Ecological Modelling. 2006 Jan; 190(3–4):231–59. 21. Phillips SJ, Dudı´k M. Modeling of species distributions with Maxent: new extensions and a comprehen- sive evaluation. Ecography. 2008 Apr; 31(2):161–75. 22. Keating KA, Cherry S. Use and interpretation of logistic regression in habitat-selection studies. Lubow, editor. Journal of Wildlife Management. 2004 Oct; 68(4):774–89. 23. Phillips SJ, Dudı´k M, Schapire RE. A maximum entropy approach to species distribution modeling. In: Twenty-first international conference on Machine learning—ICML ‘04 [Internet]. Banff, Alberta, Can- ada: ACM Press; 2004 [cited 2019 Nov 4]. p. 83. Available from: http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm? doid=1015330.1015412. 24. Elith J, H. Graham C, P. Anderson R, Dudı´k M, Ferrier S, Guisan A, et al. Novel methods improve pre- diction of species’ distributions from occurrence data. Ecography. 2006 Apr; 29(2):129–51. 25. Wisz MS, Hijmans RJ, Li J, Peterson AT, Graham CH, Guisan A, et al. Effects of sample size on the per-

formance of species distribution models. Diversity and Distributions. 2008 Sep; 14(5):763–73. 26. Phillips SJ, Anderson RP, Dudı´k M, Schapire RE, Blair ME. Opening the black box: an open-source release of Maxent. Ecography. 2017 Jul; 40(7):887–93. 27. Fielding AH, Bell JF. A review of methods for the assessment of prediction errors in conservation pres- ence/absence models. Envir Conserv. 1997 Mar; 24(1):38–49. 28. Brown KA, Spector S, Wu W. Multi-scale analysis of species introductions: combining landscape and demographic models to improve management decisions about non-native species. Journal of Applied Ecology. 2008 Dec; 45(6):1639–48. 29. Jones EL, Rendell L, Pirotta E, Long JA. Novel application of a quantitative spatial comparison tool to species distribution data. Ecological Indicators. 2016 Nov; 70:67–76. 30. R Core Team. The R Project for Statistical Computing. 2022. R: A Language and Environment for Sta- tistical Computing. Available from: https://www.r-project.org/. 31. Pru¨fer K, Posth C, Yu H, Stoessel A, Spyrou MA, Deviese T, et al. A genome sequence from a modern human skull over 45,000 years old from Zlaty´ kůň in Czechia. Nature Ecology & Evolution. 2021 Apr 7;1–6. 32. Jo¨ ris O, Neruda P, Wiśniewski A, Weiss M. The Late and Final Middle Palaeolithic of Central Europe and Its Contributions to the Formation of the Regional Upper Palaeolithic: A Review and a Synthesis. J Paleo Arch. 2022 Nov 18; 5(1):17. 33. Pederzani S, Britton K, Trost M, Fewlass H, Bourgon N, McCormack J, et al. Stable isotopes show

Homo sapiens dispersed into cold steppes ~45,000 years ago at Ilsenho¨hle in Ranis, Germany. Nat Ecol Evol. 2024 Jan 31; 8(3):578–88. 34. Yaworsky PM, Nielsen ES, Nielsen TK. The Neanderthal niche space of Western Eurasia 145 ka to 30 ka ago. Sci Rep. 2024 Apr 2; 14(1):7788. 35. Albouy B, Paquin S, Riel-Salvatore J, Kageyama M, Vrac M, Burke A. Evaluating the impact of climate change and millennial variability on the last Neanderthal populations in Europe (Marine Isotope Stage 3). Quaternary Science Reviews. 2024 Aug; 338:108812. 36. Bocquet-Appel JP, Degioanni A. Neanderthal Demographic Estimates. Current Anthropology. 2013 Dec 1; 54(S8):S202–13. 37. Dalen L, Orlando L, Shapiro B, Brandstrom-Durling M, Quam R, Gilbert MTP, et al. Partial Genetic Turn- over in Neandertals: Continuity in the East and Population Replacement in the West. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 2012 Aug 1; 29(8):1893–7. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mss074 PMID: 22362080 38. Hajdinjak M, Fu Q, Hu¨ bner A, Petr M, Mafessoni F, Grote S, et al. Reconstructing the genetic history of late Neanderthals. Nature. 2018 Mar; 555(7698):652–6. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature26151 PMID: 29562232 39. Fabre V, Condemi S, Degioanni A. Genetic evidence of geographical groups among Neanderthals. PLoS ONE. 2009; 4(4):e5151. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0005151 PMID: 19367332 40. Degioanni A, Bonenfant C, Cabut S, Condemi S. Living on the edge: Was demographic weakness the cause of Neanderthal demise? Petraglia MD, editor. PLoS ONE. 2019 May 29; 14(5):e0216742. https://

doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0216742 PMID: 31141515 PLOS ONE Neanderthal habitability PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0308690 February 26, 2025 16 / 17