Unpacking the role of school climate factors in fostering teacher enjoyment and self-efficacy in higher education

PLOS One | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0329001 August 13, 2025 8 / 17 Descriptive statistics The mean scores, standard deviations, skewness, and kurtosis of each latent variable were computed (see Table 2). Structural model and mediation Regarding the structural model, we conducted our analysis using AMOS, based on variance-covariance matrices and the maximum likelihood estimation method. The results from the structural equation modeling (SEM) indicated a good fit to the data: CMIN/df = 2.524, RMSEA = 0.05, CFI = 0.934, TLI = 0.928. Table 3 presents the results of the SEM analysis, while Table 4 outlines the mediation effects of teacher self-efficacy. Table 2. Descriptive statistics of the scores (N = 609). Cronbach’s Alpha Min. Max. M SD Skewness Kurtosis R-SLEQ Collaboration 0.86 1.33 5 3.97 0.70 −1.356 2.087 Relations 0.82 1.25 5 3.92 0.81 −1.03 1.153 Resources 0.86 1.25 5 3.86 0.84 −1.031 0.888 Decision 0.74 1 5 3.93 0.87 −1.052 1.364 Innovation 0.85 1 5 3.38 1.05 −0.262 −0.895 TSES TSE 0.87 1.33 8.5 3.76 1.27 1.489 2.474 TES TE 0.92 1 4 2.95 0.79 −0.456 −0.534 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0329001.t002 Table 3. SEM results. β S.E. C.R. P TSE <--- Collaboration 0.162 0.079 3.679 *** TSE <--- Relations −0.039 0.07 −0.871 0.384 TSE <--- Resources 0.084 0.055 1.95 0.051 TSE <--- Decision 0.071 0.064 1.561 0.119 TSE <--- Innovation 0.232 0.046 5.197 *** TE <--- Collaboration 0.141 0.055 3.225 0.001 TE <--- Resources 0.166 0.039 3.81 ***

TE <--- Innovation 0.171 0.032 3.884 *** TE <--- Decision 0.129 0.045 2.792 0.005 TE <--- Relations −0.008 0.05 −0.184 0.854 *p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0329001.t003 Table 4. Indirect effects of perceived school climate factors on TE through TSE. Path Bootstrapping 95% C.I. Est. Std. Error Innovation → TSE → TE 0.079 0.017 [.047,.116] Decision → TSE → TE 0.022 0.016 [-.011,.053] Resources → TSE → TE 0.028 0.015 [0.00,.058] Relations → TSE → TE −0.012 0.016 [-.044,.020] Collaboration → TSE → TE 0.056 0.015 [.029,.088] https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0329001.t004