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Assessing indirect biodiversity conservation benefits of fisheries closures in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada

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32. Government of Canada. East of Anticosti Island Sponge Conservation Area. 2019 Sep 09 [cited 7 Dec 2024]. In: Government of Canada [Internet]. https://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/oceans/oecm-amcepz/ refuges/anticosti-east-est-eng.html 33. Government of Canada. Eastern Gulf of St. Lawrence Coral Conservation Area. 2019 Mar 13 [cited 7 Dec 2024]. In: Government of Canada [Internet]. https://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/oceans/oecm-amcepz/ refuges/gsl-eastern-est-eng.html 34. Government of Canada. Eastern Honguedo Strait Coral and Sponge Conservation Area. 2019 Sep 09 [cited 7 Dec 2024]. In: Government of Canada [Internet]. https://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/oceans/oecm- amcepz/refuges/honguedo-eastern-est-eng.html 35. Government of Canada. Jacques-Cartier Strait Sponge Conservation Area. 2019 Sep 09 [cited 7 Dec 2024]. In: Government of Canada [Internet]. https://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/oceans/oecm-amcepz/ refuges/jacques-cartier-eng.html 36. Government of Canada. North of Bennett Bank Coral Conservation Area. 2019 Sep 09 [cited 7 Dec 2024]. In: Government of Canada [Internet]. https://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/oceans/oecm-amcepz/ refuges/bennettbanknorth-nordbancbennett-eng.html 37. Government of Canada. Parent Bank Sponge Conservation Area. 2019 Sep 09 [cited 7 Dec 2024]. In: Government of Canada [Internet]. https://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/oceans/oecm-amcepz/refuges/ parentbank-bancparent-eng.html 38. Government of Canada. Slope of Magdalen Shallows Coral Conservation Area. 2019 Sep 09 [cited 7 Dec 2024]. In: Government of Canada [Internet]. https://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/oceans/oecm-amcepz/

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refuges/magdalenshallows-madeleineplateau-eng.html 39. Government of Canada. South-East of Anticosti Island Sponge Conservation Area. 2019 Mar 13 [cited 7 Dec 2024]. In: Government of Canada [Internet]. https://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/oceans/oecm-amcepz/ refuges/anticosti-southeast-sudest-eng.html 40. Government of Canada. Western Honguedo Strait Coral Conservation Area. 2019 Sep 09 [cited 7 Dec 2024]. In: Government of Canada [Internet]. https://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/oceans/oecm-amcepz/ refuges/honguedo-western-ouest-eng.html 41. Wheeland LJ, Morgan MJ. Age-specific shifts in Greenland halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides) dis- tribution in response to changing ocean climate. Hidalgo M, editor. ICES J Mar Sci. 2019; fsz152. https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsz152 42. Ait Youcef W, Lambert Y, Audet C. Variations in length and growth of Greenland Halibut juveniles in relation to environmental conditions. Fish Res. 2015; 167:38–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2015. 01.007 43. Po¨ rtner HO, Langenbuch M, Michaelidis B. Synergistic effects of temperature extremes, hypoxia, and increases in CO 2 on marine animals: From Earth history to global change. J Geophys Res. 2005; 110:2004JC002561. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JC002561 44. Kwiatkowski L, Torres O, Bopp L, Aumont O, Chamberlain M, Christian JR, et al. Twenty-first century ocean warming, acidification, deoxygenation, and upper-ocean nutrient and primary production decline from CMIP6 model projections. Biogeosciences. 2020; 17:3439–3470. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17- 3439-2020

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45. Government of Canada. Other Effective Area-Based Conservation Measures; 2023 [cited 2024 Dec 7]. Database: Government of Canada. https://open.canada.ca/data/en/dataset/44769543-7a23-4991- a53f-c2cf7c7a946f 46. Government of Canada. Sponge significant concentration areas in the Gulf of St. Lawrence; 2023 [cited 2024 Dec 7]. Database: Government of Canada. https://open.canada.ca/data/en/dataset/93d845fa- 8f16-4a46-9084-2e368fc0e493 47. Government of Canada. Sea pens significant concentration areas in the Gulf of St. Lawrence; 2023 [cited 2024 Dec 7]. Database: Government of Canada. https://open.canada.ca/data/en/dataset/ 87ae08e8-5fc2-476a-b3f5-c8f0ea4be9ef 48. Kenchington E, Beazley L, Lirette C, Murillo FJ, Guijarro J, Wareham V, et al. Delineation of Coral and Sponge Significant Benthic Areas in Eastern Canada Using Kernel Density Analyses and Species Dis- tribution Models. 2016. Fisheries and Oceans Canada. Can. Sci. Advis. Sec. Res. Doc. 2016/093. Vi + 178 p. 49. Gatti P, Robert D, Fisher JAD, Marshall RC, Le Bris A. Stock-scale electronic tracking of Atlantic halibut reveals summer site fidelity and winter mixing on common spawning grounds. Durif C, editor. ICES J Mar Sci. 2020; 77:2890–2904. https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsaa162 50. Ouellet P, Bui AOV, Bernier B. Greenland halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides Walbaum, 1792) early stage distribution in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. J Northw Atl Fish Sci. 2011; 43:121–129. https://doi.org/ 10.2960/J.v43.m677 PLOS ONE Indirect biodiversity conservation in the Gulf of St. Lawrence

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PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0316754 January 9, 2025 18 / 20