Climate change and bird extinctions in the Amazon

Target taxa As a selection criterion for the target taxa, we used all the 16 forest-dependent birds that inhabit the Bele´m area of endemism [55,56]. (Table 1). Occurrence data We compiled georeferenced occurrence records available at online databases such as GBIF (http://www.gbif.org/), eBird (https://ebird.org/home), Biodiversity Portal (https:// portaldabiodiversidade.icmbio.gov.br/), SpeciesLink (http://splink.cria.org.br/) and Vertnet (http://www.vertnet.org/index.html). We also obtained distribution records from both pri- mary and secondary literature (books, scientific articles, theses, and published reports), the ornithology collection of the Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi and, previous work done by the Vertebrate ecology and zoology laboratory of the Federal University of Para´ and fellow researchers. Occurrence data were evaluated by experts to remove misidentified taxa. Species nomenclature adopted herein follows the Brazilian Ornithological Registration Committee recommendation [57]. Then, we controlled for sampling bias on georeferenced data by remov- ing duplicates records leaving a single record per pixel. To reduce autocorrelation in occur- rence data and possible sampling bias, we used a thinning technique using the package spThin [58]. Afterward, we used the distance of a Moran’s I variogram that minimizes the spatial auto- correlation to define the thinning distance. Environmental variables Data on the current climate scenario were obtained from the Worldclim platform (http://

www.worldclim.org). We downloaded the 19 bioclimatic variables at a resolution of 30 sec- onds (~1km grid size) and performed a Pearson Correlation Test (pair-wise Pearson Table 1. List of endemic species and subspecies occurring in the Bele´m area of endemism. Taxa English Name ICMBio Threat Status [35] IUCN Threat Status [34] Crax fasciolata pinima Belem Curassow CR CR Psophia obscura Black-winged Trumpeter CR CR Threnetes leucurus medianus Pale-tailed Barbthroat - LC Pteroglossus bitorquatus bitorquatus Eastern Red-necked Arac¸ari VU EN Piculus paraensis Para Golden-green Woodpecker EN LC Thamnophilus aethiops incertus White-shouldered Antshrike - LC Phlegopsis nigromaculata paraensis Black-spotted Bare-eye VU LC Dendrocincla merula badia White-chinned Woodcreeper VU LC Dendrexetastes rufigula paraensis Cinnamon-throated Woodcreeper EN LC Synallaxis rutilans omissa Sooty Spinetail - LC Piprites chloris grisescens Wing-barred Piprites VU LC Terenotriccus erythrurus hellmayri Ruddy-tailed Flycatcher - LC Ramphocaenus melanurus austerus Long-billed Gnatwren - LC Granatellus pelzelni paraensis Rose-breasted Chat - LC Tangara velia signata Opal-rumped Tanager VU LC Lanio cristatus pallidigula Flame-Crested Tanager - LC LC = Least Concern VU = Vulnerable EN = Endangered CR = Critically Endangered https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0236103.t001 PLOS ONE Bird extinctions in the Amazon PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0236103 July 17, 2020 4 / 18