Are climate change perceptions related with plastic policy support? Effects of climate change skepticism, guilt, and efficacy on the acceptance of the plastic tax

PLOS One | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0337327 December 29, 2025 29 / 30 87. Whitmarsh L. Scepticism and uncertainty about climate change: dimensions, determinants and change over time. Glob Environ Change. 2011;21(2):690–700. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.01.016 88. Albayrak T, Aksoy Ş, Caber M. The effect of environmental concern and scepticism on green purchase behaviour. MIP. 2013;31(1):27–39. https:// doi.org/10.1108/02634501311292902 89. Harth NS, Leach CW, Kessler T. Guilt, anger, and pride about in-group environmental behaviour: Different emotions predict distinct intentions. J Environ Psychol. 2013;34:18–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2012.12.005 90. Ferguson MA, Branscombe NR. Collective guilt mediates the effect of beliefs about global warming on willingness to engage in mitigation behav- ior. J Environ Psychol. 2010;30(2):135–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2009.11.010 91. Wang X. Risk perceptions, moral attitudes, and anticipated guilt in US consumers’ climate change behavioral intentions. J Risk Res. 2016;20(12):1554–67. https://doi.org/10.1080/13669877.2016.1179213 92. Bandura A. Social foundations of thought and action. Englewood Cliffs (NJ); 1986. 93. Bandura A. Social cognitive theory in cultural context. Appl Psychol. 2002;51(2):269–90. https://doi.org/10.1111/1464-0597.00092 94. Lee JKT, Jo I. A study for promoting environmentally friendly behaviors based on self- and collective-efficacy. NARS. 2018;:401–28.

95. Tabernero C, Hernández B. Self-efficacy and intrinsic motivation guiding environmental behavior. Environ Behav. 2011;43(5):658–75. 96. Yang X, Chen L, Wei L, Su Q. Personal and media factors related to citizens’ pro-environmental behavioral intention against haze in China: a moderating analysis of TPB. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(7):2314. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072314 PMID: 32235472 97. Moghavvemi S, Jaafar NI, Sulaiman A, Parveen Tajudeen F. Feelings of guilt and pride: consumer intention to buy LED lights. PLoS One. 2020;15(6):e0234602. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0234602 PMID: 32584847 98. Chen M-F, editor. Extending the TPB model to explain public’s purchase intention of sustainability labeled coffee in Taiwan: the moderating role of climate change skepticism: an abstract. Academy of Marketing Science World Marketing Congress. Springer; 2019. 99. Onwezen MC, Antonides G, Bartels J. The Norm Activation Model: an exploration of the functions of anticipated pride and guilt in pro-environmental behaviour. J Econ Psychol. 2013;39:141–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2013.07.005 100. Lauren N, Fielding KS, Smith L, Louis WR. You did, so you can and you will: self-efficacy as a mediator of spillover from easy to more difficult pro-environmental behaviour. J Environ Psychol. 2016;48:191–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2016.10.004 101. Podsakoff PM, MacKenzie SB, Lee J-Y, Podsakoff NP. Common method biases in behavioral research: a critical review of the literature and rec- ommended remedies. J Appl Psychol. 2003;88(5):879.

102. McCright AM, Dunlap RE. The politicization of climate change and polarization in the American public’s views of global warming, 2001–2010. TSQ. 2011;52(2):155–94. 103. Andrew FH. Introduction to mediation, moderation and conditional process analysis: a regression-based approach. The Guilford Press; 2018. 104. McCright AM. The effects of gender on climate change knowledge and concern in the American public. Popul Environ. 2010;32(1):66–87. https:// doi.org/10.1007/s11111-010-0113-1 105. Zelezny LC, Chua P, Aldrich C. New ways of thinking about environmentalism: elaborating on gender differences in environmentalism. J Soc Issues. 2000;56(3):443–57. https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-4537.00177 106. S K. The social construction and interpretation of scientific facts in environmental conflicts. ECO: Korean J Environ Sociol. 2006;10(1):105–58. 107. Lee YJ, Yeo WS. The effect of environmental awareness and consumption value by purchase intention of environment-friendly food materials. Int J Tour Hosp Res. 2014;28(6):181–99. 108. Slovic P. Perception of risk. Science. 1987;236(4799):280–5. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.3563507 PMID: 3563507 109. Baron RM, Kenny DA. The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical consid- erations. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1986;51(6):1173–82. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.51.6.1173 PMID: 3806354 110. van der Werff L, Legood A, Buckley F, Weibel A, de Cremer D. Trust motivation: the self-regulatory processes underlying trust decisions. Organ

Psychol Rev. 2019;9(2–3):99–123. https://doi.org/10.1177/2041386619873616 111. Gifford R, Comeau LA. Message framing influences perceived climate change competence, engagement, and behavioral intentions. Glob Environ Change. 2011;21(4):1301–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.06.004 112. Steg L. Values, norms, and intrinsic motivation to act proenvironmentally. Annu Rev Environ Resour. 2016;41(1):277–92. https://doi.org/10.1146/ annurev-environ-110615-085947 113. Harring N, Jagers SC, Matti S. The significance of political culture, economic context and instrument type for climate policy support: a cross- national study. Clim Policy. 2018;19(5):636–50. https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2018.1547181 114. Feinberg M, Willer R. Moral reframing: a technique for effective and persuasive communication across political divides. Soc Pers Psychol Com- pass. 2019;13(12):e12501. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12501 115. Brügger A, Demski C, Capstick S. How personal experience affects perception of and decisions related to climate change: a psychological view. Weather Clim Soc. 2021;13(3):397–408. https://doi.org/10.1175/wcas-d-20-0100.1 116. Steinmetz H, Knappstein M, Ajzen I, Schmidt P, Kabst R. How effective are behavior change interventions based on the theory of planned behav- ior? Z Psychol. 2016.