Detect coastal disturbances and climate change effects in coralligenous community through sentinel stations

less abrupt dynamics and smaller temporal changes than shallow communities or those domi- nated by algae [66]. Additionally, as pointed out by Ballesteros [120], within the scope of marine protected areas (MPAs), the selection of a limited number of representative and/or key species from such communities is a sound strategy for aiding their understanding and management. Specific fixed benthic organisms have previously been used as indicators for the monitoring of various environmental parameters; such species have been used as indicators of global warming and climate change [63, 121–124], sea level fluctuations [125,126], and the influence of recreational diving on MPAs [62, 83, 127,128]. Table 2. Results of repeated measures PERMANOVA. Source df SS MS Pseudo-F P(perm) Unique perms Time 9 2150.5 238.95 2.4353 0.079 998 Orientation 1 30338 30338 309.2 0.001 998 Ti x Or 9 1207.9 134.21 1.3678 0.359 999 Res 60 5887.1 98.118 Total 79 39583 Transformation None https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0231641.t002 Fig 9. Graphic representation of the non-metric MDS analysis for the whole monitoring quadrats. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0231641.g009 PLOS ONE Detect coastal disturbances in coralligenous PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0231641 May 5, 2020 12 / 23