The impact of place and legacy framing on climate action: A lifespan approach

adequate homogeneity of variance between groups. Additionally, Bartlett’s test indicated sphe- ricity assumptions were adequately met or corrected for in all analyses. Manipulation checks Legacy motivation. As expected, the Legacy induction was associated with greater legacy motivation (Fig 1A). A significant main effect emerged for induction F (2, 967) = 20.62, p < .001, η2 = .041, such that Place (p = .001) and Legacy (p < .001) inductions were associated with greater legacy motivation compared to the control condition. Additionally, the Legacy induction was associated with significantly greater legacy motivation than the Place induction (p = .002). In line with previous literature, a significant main effect also emerged for age on leg- acy motivation F (2, 967) = 3.84, p = .022, η2 = .008, such that young adults had significantly less legacy motivation than middle-aged adults or older adults, while middle-aged and older adults did not differ significantly. No significant interaction effect between age and induction on legacy motivations emerged (p = .793). Biophilia attitudes. As predicted, the Place induction was associated with greater feelings of biophilia (Fig 1B). A significant main effect emerged for induction F (2, 979) = 8.12, p < .001, η2 = .016, such that Place (p = .002) and Legacy (p < .001) inductions were associated with greater biophilia compared to the control condition, while the Place and Legacy induc- tions did not differ significantly from each other. Consistent with previous literature [36],

greater biophilia overall correlated with greater chronological age across the sample. A signifi- cant main effect emerged for age on biophilia F (2, 979) = 20.78, p < .001, η2 = .041, such that older adults reported significantly greater biophilia than middle-aged adults, and middle-aged adults reported significantly greater biophilia than young adults. However, no significant interaction effect between age and induction on biophilia emerged (p = .855): the impact of the three inductions on biophilia was similar across all age groups. Pro-environmental behavioral intentions While older adults had significantly more pro-environmental intentions than middle or young adults overall, both inductions were associated with significantly more pro-environmental behavioral intentions for all ages when compared to the control induction (Table 1 and Fig 2A). These results support hypothesis 1 and hypothesis 2, that the inductions would be posi- tively associated with pro-environmental behavioral intentions, and are contrary to hypothesis 3, that older adults exposed to the inductions would experience greater positive associations with pro-environmental intentions and behaviors than younger adults. A significant main effect emerged for induction F (2, 967) = 15.04, p < .001, η2 = .030, such that Place (p < .001) and Legacy (p < .001) inductions were associated with more pro-environmental behavioral intentions compared to the control condition, while the Place and Legacy inductions did not differ significantly from each other. A significant main effect also emerged for age on pro-envi-

ronmental behavioral intentions F (2, 967) = 5.89, p = .003, η2 = .012, such that older adults had significantly greater intentions than middle-aged adults or young adults, while middle- aged and young adults did not differ significantly. However, no significant interaction effect between age and induction on behavioral intentions emerged (p = .299). That is, the impact of the three inductions on behavioral intentions was similar across all age groups. Donations to an environmental charity Both the Place and Legacy inductions were associated with more pro-environmental donations for all ages compared to the control (Table 2 and Fig 2B). These results support hypothesis 1 and hypothesis 2, that the inductions would be positively associated with pro-environmental Impact of framing on climate action PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0228963 February 25, 2020 6 / 17