Analysis of bacterial biodiversity and ecological risk evaluation of organophosphorus in Lianhuan Lake

PLOS One | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0332712 September 26, 2025 17 / 20 and Prothiophos were highly toxic to fish, but at concentrations below the LC₅₀ for fish. Suprofos, mevinphos and Prothio- phos had high ecological risk. In order to reduce the harm of organophosphorus pesticides to water ecology, it is recom- mended to apply organophosphorus pesticides scientifically, encourage the use of biopesticides, avoid overdose, and reduce residues. 4. Conclusions Shallow lakes are ecologically important for maintaining biodiversity, regulating hydrological processes, purifying water, and supporting ecosystem services. This study selected Lianhuan Lake—a typical submersible lake in northern China—as the research subject. We analyzed its water‐quality characteristics, examined bacterial diversity in the water column and sediments, assessed organophosphorus pesticide pollution, and evaluated ecological safety. The results showed that the lake’s water quality meets Class V standards (GB 3838−2002), indicating only mild eutrophication (TLI) and minor contamination (WQI, IWQI). Across water and sediment samples, we identified 59 phyla, 180 classes, 407 orders, 520 families, and 1 062 genera, with diversity consistently higher in sediments. Water‐quality indicators influenced bacterial diversity in the order pH > TP > DO > TN > NH₃-N > NO₂-N > WT. Gas‐chromatography detected ten organophosphorus compounds in samples N1, N3, and W4: thionazin, ethoprophos, suprofos, EPN and coumaphos (N1); ethoprophos

Prothiophos 10.41 44.64 0.694 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0332712.t009

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