Analysis of bacterial biodiversity and ecological risk evaluation of organophosphorus in Lianhuan Lake

PLOS One | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0332712 September 26, 2025 1 / 20 OPEN ACCESS Citation: Yang S, Wang R, Zhao W (2025) Analysis of bacterial biodiversity and ecological risk evaluation of organophosphorus in Lianhuan Lake. PLoS One 20(9): e0332712. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0332712 Editor: Amitava Mukherjee, VIT University, INDIA Received: January 4, 2025 Accepted: September 2, 2025 Published: September 26, 2025 Copyright: © 2025 Yang et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Data availability statement: Data and relevant code for this research work have been archived within the Zenodo repository: https://doi. org/10.5281/zenodo.13133378 [51]. Funding: the Research Grants of Nature Scientific Foundation of Heilongjiang Province grant numbers LH2022C098, the 2022 Open Fund of National Key Laboratory of Urban RESEARCH ARTICLE Analysis of bacterial biodiversity and ecological risk evaluation of organophosphorus in Lianhuan Lake Shang Yang1, Ran Wang1, Wei Zhao 2* 1 College of Heilongjiang river and lake chief, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, P.R. China 2 State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin , P. R. China * 2023008@hlju.edu.cn Abstract Shallow lakes are vital water resources, playing key roles in water conservation,

landscape management, and drinking water supply. However, recent years have seen significant challenges in their ecological protection. Lianhuan Lake is selected as the study area. Water quality characteristics are evaluated using the eutrophica- tion index (TLI), water quality index (WQI) and integrated water quality index (IWQI). High-throughput sequencing (HTS) is employed to analyze microbial diversity and community composition, while gas chromatography (GC) was used to identify com- monly used organophosphorus pesticides—including suprofos, coumaphos, prothio- phos and mevinphos. Ecological Structure-Activity Relationships (ECOSAR), the Toxicity Estimation Software Tool (T.E.S.T.) and the Risk Quotient (RQ) are used to evaluate the ecological safety of Lianhuan Lake. The results indicate that the water quality of the Lianhuan Lake is class V, mildly eutrophic. A total of 1,062 microbial genera are identified in the sediments and water samples. The order of influence of water quality indicators on bacterial diversity is pH > TP > DO > TN > NH3-N > NO2-N > WT. Ten distinct organic phosphorus contaminants are detected. Nine of these com- pounds exhibited varying degrees of acute and chronic toxicity to fish, daphnia, and algae. Suprofos, coumaphos and prothiophos are highly toxic to daphnia. Suprofos, mevinphos and prothiophos have high ecological risk. These findings not only provide critical insights for the targeted management and pollution control of Lianhuan Lake but also underscore the need for monitoring organophosphorus pesticide residues in

shallow lakes worldwide to protect aquatic ecosystems. 1. Introduction Shallow lakes are highly biodiverse ecosystems that play essential roles in ecological processes [1]. They also provide vital habitats for numerous organisms [2]. However, with the expansion of industry, agriculture, and socio-economic development, the