Predicting the potential global distribution of Ixodes pacificus under climate change

-8.7˚C, and -5.5˚C, respectively, the distribution probability decreases with the increase of temperature when the lowest temperature is between -5.5–7.9˚C (Fig 7B). The potential distribution of I. pacificus under near current climatic conditions Under the near current climate and environmental conditions, based on the output results of the MaxEnt model, the near current suitable areas of the I. pacificus was reclassified using the ArcGIS 10.8 Jenks method. The suitable areas for I. pacificus is mainly concentrated in the western and eastern regions of the United States in North America, parts of southwestern Can- ada, parts of southern Greenland, and most of Iceland. The southern region of Chile in South America, western and southern parts of Argentina. Most countries along the Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts in western Europe, as well as some regions in central Romania, Hun- gary, Austria, Czech Republic, Poland, and other countries. Most of Lebanon, Israel, Cyprus, Tu¨rkiye, Syria, Iran and Afghanistan in Asia, northern Iraq and Pakistan, southeast Turkmeni- stan and Uzbekistan, and parts of Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, and north- ern Algeria in Africa along the Mediterranean region, northern Morocco along the Mediterranean region, and western Morocco along the Atlantic region. Most of New Zealand and Tasmania in Oceania, as well as parts of southeastern Australia (Fig 8). The current suit- able areas of I. pacificus is mainly concentrated in temperate marine climate, Mediterranean climate, and temperate continental climate along coastal areas.

Fig 3. AICc values for different regularization multiplier and feature combination. Delta. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0309367.g003 PLOS ONE Prediction of the distribution of Ixodes pacificus PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0309367 August 27, 2024 7 / 18