Effect of climate change-induced water-deficit stress on long-term rice yield

Long-term temporal variations in reference evapotranspiration In the cool cropping season, the ET0 ranged between 2.3 to 4.7, 2.6 to 5.0, 3.4 to 5.7, and 3.4 to 5.8 mm day-1 under the initial, crop development, reproductive, and maturity stages, respec- tively (Fig 2a–2d). The average values ± SDs of ET0 were 3.3 ± 0.5, 3.8 ± 0.4, 4.3 ± 0.5, and 4.4 ± 0.5 mm day-1 under the four growth stages, respectively (Fig 2a–2d). In the warm crop- ping season, the ET0 ranged between 3.4–5.7, 3.6–5.9, 3.2–5.1, and 2.2–4.2 mm day-1 under the initial, crop development, reproductive, and maturity stages, respectively (Fig 2e–2h). The average values ± SDs of ET0 were 4.6 ± 0.4, 4.3 ± 0.4, 3.8 ± 0.3, and 2.8 ± 0.3 mm day-1 under the four growth stages, respectively (Fig 2e–2h). Long-term temporal variations in crop water status In the cool cropping season, the CWS on rice growth under initial, crop development, repro- ductive, and maturity stages ranged between -422.4 to -145.0, -428.9 to -42.0, -438.8 to 105.0, Fig 1. Yearly variation in grain yield and cultivation period for twelve rice cultivars in cool (a, b, c, and d) and warm (e, f, g, and h) cropping seasons. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0284290.g001 Fig 2. Yearly variation in reference evapotranspiration under initial (a and e), crop development (b and f), reproductive (c and g), and maturity (d and h) stages of rice in cool (a, b, c, and d) and warm (e, f, g, and h) cropping seasons. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0284290.g002 PLOS ONE Effect of climate change-induced water-deficit stress on long-term rice yield

PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0284290 April 17, 2023 6 / 14