Current food trade helps mitigate future climate change impacts in lower-income nations

the mean impact on importing partners is more severe and in most cases detrimental, this rela- tionship is more pronounced and almost entirely true for most countries. For example, cross- border flows have a detrimental effect for countries with negative difference between import and domestic production impacts, like Libya, Niger, Jordon, Peru and Japan compared to countries with similar import dependence but with positive difference between import and domestic production impacts like Iraq, Egypt, Spain, Columbia, among others. Fig 2. In this figure, we show the different factors influencing the consumption impact. For all the maps we consider 2˚C mean global warming relative to the level of recent warming and fixed 2010 trade-portfolios. We divide this figure into three panels (a-c) horizontally, each panel containing three columns corresponding to the three crops- wheat, maize, and rice (from left to right). The panel a) shows the cross-border effect (as percentage impact per unit calorie) on total food supply of a particular country. The positive values mean that more calories will be available due to 2˚C future mean global warming and negative values mean fewer calories (in percentage) will be available. The panel b) shows the import dependence (in percentage) of each country defined as the proportion of their crop-specific supply being sourced from other countries. In the panel c), we show the difference in import and domestic production impacts. For countries in gray, the estimates are not included. The inset table shows the global average (range) values

for the variable shown in the three panels by crop. The maps are generated using R version 4.2.1 and shapefiles sourced from the NaturalEarth project (naturalearthdata.com). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0314722.g002 PLOS ONE Current food trade helps mitigate future climate change impacts in lower-income nations PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0314722 January 3, 2025 8 / 16