Declining lake ice in response to climate change can impact spending for local communities

Table 1. Examples of event spending from lake ice activities for local communities. For additional details including specific coordinates, original currency, and data source see S1 Table. Activity Description Country Regions/Lakes Event Spending ($USD) People attending Ice Fishing Sweden Many $880,000,000 Recreational Ice fishing Canada Lake Winnipeg $344,093,275 > 100,000 Ice Fishing USA Many $178,000,000 Car Winter Testing Sweden Many $163,800,000 > 3,000 Winterlude Canada City of Ottawa $121,471,499 600,000 Ice Fishing Canada Province of Ontario $57,946,000 Ice Fishing Canada Province of Nova Scotia $51,730,000 Ice Dragon Boat race China City of Jinzhou $45,000,000 4.47 million Winter angling activities USA State of Minnesota $36,500,000 Ice canoe race, Bonhomme Winter Festival Canada Quebec City $30,325,900 1,000,000 Ice fishing culture tourism festival China Chagan Lake $29,000,000 100,000 Ice Fishing Canada Bay of Quinte $24,830,839 300,000 Ice Fishing Canada Lake Simcoe $23,175,450 Horse Racing Switzerland Lake St. Moritz $20,400,000 10,000 Recreational Ice Fishing USA Devil’s lake $20,000,000 Ice Fishing Canada City of Ste-Anne-de-la- Perade $4,788,300 100,000 Lake Louise Winterstart World Cup Canada Lake Louise $2,979,648 7,700 (> 100 million global viewers) Devils Lake Volunteer Fire Department Ice Fishing Derby USA Devil’s lake $1,300,000 > 5,000 Ice boat championship Canada City of Kingston $186,214 Wawa Ice Fishing Derby Canada Wawa Lake $144,846 1,300

Winter Festival of Speed Canada Lac la Biche $124,152 > 100 Ice dragon boat (international) Canada City of Ottawa $79,805 25,000 Alberta 55-plus winter games Canada Cold Lake $57,194 900 Brainerd Jaycess Ice Fishing Extravaganza USA Gull Lake $13,400 1.15 million International Eelpout Festival in Walker USA Leech Lake $12,000 Sylvan Lake polar bear dip Canada Sylvan Lake $10,526 Fishing For Ducks Contest USA Mille Lacs Lake $5,000 150,000 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0299937.t001 Fig 3. Patterns of lake ice loss for countries in the Northern Hemisphere and association with the socio-economic metrics including gross domestic product ($USD), carbon emissions (per capita), and annual freshwater withdrawal. Countries with the highest gross domestic product, largest carbon emissions, and greatest withdrawal of freshwater are all expected to also have the greatest loss of lake ice area. Three letters correspond to a country code (S2 Table) with the line above and below representing minimum (RCP 2.6) and maximum (RCP 8.5) ice loss. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0299937.g003 PLOS ONE Financial loss of declining lake ice PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0299937 July 5, 2024 7 / 15