The impact of climate variability on agricultural employment in Mexico from 1980–2017

individuals’ rights to data protection, ensuring compliance with legal principles such as legal- ity, purpose, loyalty, consent, quality, proportionality, information, and responsibility [58]. As an Obligated Entity, INEGI assumes responsibility for the treatment and protection of personal data under Article 1 of the Data Protection Law [58]. It is mandated to establish and maintain administrative, physical, and technical security measures to safeguard personal data against unauthorized access, use, alteration, destruction, or loss, ensuring confidentiality, integrity, and availability in accordance with Article 31 of the aforementioned law [58]. 2.3 Data analysis 2.3.1 Change of employment. The two databases (EDER and ENOE) have different tem- poralities and methodologies for data collection; therefore, two different methods were used to analyze changes in employment. In EDER 2017, we selected six variables to facilitate informa- tion handling. We were interested in the ID of each person interviewed, their age, their sex, the retrospective year and the categories for annual and temporal occupations. From this shortened dataset, we selected the records of persons who were 12 years of age or older in any given year and reclassified the individuals into three occupation categories: unemployed (either unemployed or housemakers), general workers, and those who worked in the agricul- tural sector. This was done for each living year of each interviewed individual. Regarding the classification of occupation categories, it is important to note that these clas-

sifications have already been assigned by the National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI). For the analysis of the EDER, the National Occupational Classification System (SINCO) [59] was employed. Specifically, the group of "Workers in Agricultural and Livestock Activities" was scrutinized, with a particular focus on rainfed agriculture and grazing livestock activities. Therefore, our classification encompasses farmers (engaged in rainfed occupations), livestock farmers (involved in animal husbandry occupations), and agrarian occupations (con- sidering both rainfed and animal husbandry activities). We identified all possible changes within these categories, including workers who changed occupations within agriculture. This means that we analyzed the activities each respondent undertook in one year and checked for any changes in the following year. For instance, respondents might have shifted from cultivating crops to engaging in livestock activities. Respondents were only classified as having left the agricultural sector when their activities were no longer associated with farming. Subsequently, we calculated the rate of change by comparing the number of individuals who changed their occupation within agriculture to the total number of respondents employed in the sector. The EDER 2017 sample consists of an average of 8,434 employed persons per year. Of these, an average of 1,198 persons per year were engaged in the agricultural sector. Within this group, the surveyed population focusing

on agriculture numbered 1,068 annually on average. Meanwhile, the average number of live- stock farmers interviewed per year was 130. Despite this being the largest demographic survey available at the national level, data are sparse for years before 1990, particularly for livestock farmers, and should be interpreted carefully. We decided to include all decades in the analysis as we are looking at nationwide processes, but the intrinsic limitations of the survey make it impossible to scale down to regions or states. For the ENOE (2005 to 2017) [56], data are presented quarterly. Therefore, we identified the main occupation of each respondent for each period within the year, focusing on those who worked in agricultural activities for at least one quarter. Thus, the ENOE sample (2005– 2017) comprises an average of 583,132 employed persons per year, of which 55,134 are engaged in the agricultural sector. After obtaining the occupations by quarter, we compiled five possible transitions for each period: 1) No change: people who remained in the same PLOS ONE Agrarian abandonment and extreme events PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0313891 February 10, 2025 6 / 22