Tecomella undulata under threat: The impact of climate change on the distribution of a valuable tree species using a machine learning model

PLOS One | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0326609 July 9, 2025 16 / 18 Supporting information S1 File. R scripts. R scripts used MaxEnt modeling. (RAR) S2 File. Occurrence points. occurrence points used in modeling. (CSV) Acknowledgments We express our earnest appreciation to the environmental activists for their unwavering commitment, the Environmental staff and Agriculture and Natural Resources Research and Education Centers for their essential support, and all partici- pants of the field surveys for their valuable contributions. Your collective efforts are sincerely recognized. Author contributions Conceptualization: Ehsan Ghafouri, Gholamabbas Ghanbarian. Data curation: Ehsan Ghafouri, Saideh Ghafouri. Formal analysis: Ehsan Ghafouri, Gholamabbas Ghanbarian, Artemi Cerdà. Investigation: Saideh Ghafouri. Methodology: Ehsan Ghafouri, Gholamabbas Ghanbarian. Software: Ehsan Ghafouri. Supervision: Gholamabbas Ghanbarian. Validation: Saideh Ghafouri. Visualization: Ehsan Ghafouri. Writing – original draft: Ehsan Ghafouri. Writing – review & editing: Gholamabbas Ghanbarian, Artemi Cerdà, Saideh Ghafouri. References 1. Sponsel LE. Human Impact on Biodiversity, Overview. In: Scheiner SM, editor. Encyclopedia of Biodiversity. 3rd edition. Oxford: Academic Press; 2024. pp. 430–448. 2. Pecl GT, Araújo MB, Bell JD, Blanchard J, Bonebrake TC, Chen I-C, et al. Biodiversity redistribution under climate change: Impacts on ecosystems and human well-being. Science. 2017;355(6332):eaai9214. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aai9214 PMID: 28360268

3. Abbas A, Zhao C, Waseem M, Ahmed khan K, Ahmad R. Analysis of Energy Input–Output of Farms and Assessment of Greenhouse Gas Emis- sions: A Case Study of Cotton Growers. Front Environ Sci. 2022;9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2021.826838 4. Elahi E, Zhu M, Khalid Z, Wei K. An empirical analysis of carbon emission efficiency in food production across the Yangtze River basin: Towards sustainable agricultural development and carbon neutrality. Agricultural Systems. 2024;218:103994. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2024.103994 5. Díaz S, Malhi Y. Biodiversity: Concepts, Patterns, Trends, and Perspectives. Annu Rev Environ Resour. 2022;47(1):31–63. https://doi.org/10.1146/ annurev-environ-120120-054300 6. Thuiller W. Biodiversity: climate change and the ecologist. Nature. 2007;448(7153):550–2. https://doi.org/10.1038/448550a PMID: 17671497 7. Cardinale BJ, Duffy JE, Gonzalez A, Hooper DU, Perrings C, Venail P, et al. Biodiversity loss and its impact on humanity. Nature. 2012;486(7401):59–67. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11148 PMID: 22678280 8. Bellard C, Bertelsmeier C, Leadley P, Thuiller W, Courchamp F. Impacts of climate change on the future of biodiversity. Ecol Lett. 2012;15(4):365– 77. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01736.x PMID: 22257223 9. Xie C, Tian E, Jim CY, Liu D, Hu Z. Effects of climate-change scenarios on the distribution patterns of Castanea henryi. Ecol Evol. 2022;12(12):e9597. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.9597 PMID: 36514555

10. Akyol A, Örücü ÖK, Arslan ES. Habitat suitability mapping of stone pine (Pinus pinea L.) under the effects of climate change. Biologia. 2020;75(12):2175–87. https://doi.org/10.2478/s11756-020-00594-9