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Factors influencing medical students’ knowledge and attitudes toward climate change: A cross-sectional study

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PLOS One | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0330875 October 10, 2025 10 / 12 S2 File. The final version of the survey. (DOCX) S3 File. The datasets. (PDF) S1 Table. Predictors of attitude score. (DOCX) S2 Table. Predictors of knowledge. (DOCX) Author contributions Conceptualization: Leen Oyoun Alsoud, Eman Alefishat, Halah Ibrahim. Data curation: Eman Alefishat. Formal analysis: Cynthia Al Hageh. Methodology: Leen Oyoun Alsoud, Cynthia Al Hageh, Saif M I Alkhaaldi, Ethan Jin, Maha Al Fahim, Rasha Buhumaid, Dima Abdelmannan, Halah Ibrahim. Writing – original draft: Eman Alefishat, Halah Ibrahim. Writing – review & editing: Leen Oyoun Alsoud, Eman Alefishat, Cynthia Al Hageh, Saif M I Alkhaaldi, Ethan Jin, Maha Al Fahim, Rasha Buhumaid, Dima Abdelmannan, Halah Ibrahim. References 1. Climate change. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/climate-change-and-health#. Accessed 2025 January 10. 2. Rocque RJ, Beaudoin C, Ndjaboue R, Cameron L, Poirier-Bergeron L, Poulin-Rheault R-A, et al. Health effects of climate change: an overview of systematic reviews. BMJ Open. 2021;11(6):e046333. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-046333 PMID: 34108165 3. Jacobsen AP, Khiew YC, Duffy E, O’Connell J, Brown E, Auwaerter PG, et al. Climate change and the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Am J Prev Cardiol. 2022;12:100391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajpc.2022.100391 PMID: 36164332 4. Watts N, Amann M, Arnell N, Ayeb-Karlsson S, Beagley J, Belesova K, et al. The 2020 report of The Lancet Countdown on health and climate

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change: responding to converging crises. Lancet. 2021;397(10269):129–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32290-X PMID: 33278353 5. van Gils-Schmidt HJ, Salloch S. Physicians’ duty to climate protection as an expression of their professional identity: a defence from Korsgaard’s neo-Kantian moral framework. J Med Ethics. 2024;50(6):368–74. https://doi.org/10.1136/jme-2023-109203 PMID: 37879902 6. Kotcher J, Maibach E, Miller J, Campbell E, Alqodmani L, Maiero M, et al. Views of health professionals on climate change and health: a multina- tional survey study. Lancet Planet Health. 2021;5(5):e316–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(21)00053-X PMID: 33838130 7. Sullivan JK, Lowe KE, Gordon IO, Colbert CY, Salas RN, Bernstein A, et al. Climate Change and Medical Education: An Integrative Model. Acad Med. 2022;97(2):188–92. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0000000000004376 PMID: 34432714 8. Sharma A, Smyth L, Jian H, Vargas N, Bowles D, Hunter A. Are we teaching the health impacts of climate change in a clinically relevant way? A systematic narrative review of biomechanism-focused climate change learning outcomes in medical curricula. Med Teach. 2024;46(3):414–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/0142159X.2023.2256963 PMID: 37722803 9. Blanchard OA, Greenwald LM, Sheffield PE. The Climate Change Conversation: Understanding Nationwide Medical Education Efforts. Yale J Biol Med. 2023;96(2):171–84. https://doi.org/10.59249/PYIW9718 PMID: 37396984

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10. Liao W, Yang L, Zhong S, Hess JJ, Wang Q, Bao J, et al. Preparing the next generation of health professionals to tackle climate change: Are Chi- na’s medical students ready?. Environ Res. 2019;168:270–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2018.10.006 PMID: 30342323 11. Létourneau S, Roshan A, Kitching GT, Robson J, Walker C, Xu C, et al. Climate change and health in medical school curricula: A national survey of medical students’ experiences, attitudes and interests. The Journal of Climate Change and Health. 2023;11:100226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. joclim.2023.100226 12. Quitmann C, Sauerborn R, Danquah I, Herrmann A. “Climate change mitigation is a hot topic, but not when it comes to hospitals”: a qualitative study on hospital stakeholders’ perception and sense of responsibility for greenhouse gas emissions. J Med Ethics. 2023;49(3):204–10. https://doi. org/10.1136/medethics-2021-107971 PMID: 35459742