Climate suitability predictions for the cultivation of macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia) in Malawi using climate change scenarios

25. Barrueto AK, Merz J, Hodel E, Eckert S. The suitability of Macadamia and Juglans for cultivation in Nepal: an assessment based on spatial probability modelling using climate scenarios and in situ data. Regional Environmental Change. 2018; 18: 859–871. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-017-1225-2 26. Nagao MA, Hirae HH. Macadamia: Cultivation and physiology. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences. 1992; 10: 441–470. https://doi.org/10.1080/07352689209382321 27. Pichakum A, Supaibulwatana K, Chintakovid W, Chanseetis C. Role of temperature and altitude on flowering performances of macadamia nut. Acta Horticulturae. 2015; 1024: 127–132, https://doi.org/ 10.17660/ActaHortic.2014.1024.13 28. Evans N. Suitability Mapping of the Malawi macadamia industry. Consultation Report. 2008. 29. Chemura A, Mudereri BT, Yalew AW, Gornott C. Climate change and specialty coffee potential in Ethio- pia. Nature Scientific Reports. 2021; 11:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-87647-4 PMID: 33854166 30. Taghizadeh-Mehrjardi R, Nabiollahi K, Rasoli L, Kerry R, Scholten T. Land suitability assessment and agricultural production sustainability using machine learning models. Agronomy. 2020; 10: 1–20. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10040573 31. Benson T, Mabiso A, Nankhuni F. Detailed crop suitability maps and an agricultural zonation scheme for Malawi. Michigan State University, Michigan, USA. 2016. Available: http://dec.usaid.gov/. 32. Mutegi J, Kabambe V, Zingore S, Harawa R, Wairegi L. The status of fertilizer recommendation in

Malawi: Gaps, challenges, and opportunities. Soil Health Consortium of Malawi. 2015. pp 56. 33. Barbet-Massin M, Jiguet F, Albert CH, Thuiller W. Selecting pseudo-absences for species distribution models: How, where, and how many? Methods in Ecology and Evolution. 2012; 3: 327–338. https://doi. org/10.1111/j.2041-210X.2011.00172.x 34. van Vuuren DP, Edmonds J, Kainuma M, Riahi K, Thomson A, Hibbard K, Hurtt GC, Kram T, Krey V, Lamarque JF, Masui T, Meinshausen M, Nakicenovic N, Smith SJ, Rose SK. The representative con- centration pathways: An overview. Climate Change. 2011; 109: 5–31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584- 011-0148-z 35. de Sousa K, van Zonneveld M, Imbach P, Casanoves F, Kindt R, Ordoñez JC. Suitability of key Central American agroforestry species under future climates. 2017; An atlas. ICRAF Occasional Paper no. 26. Turrialba, Costa Rica. 36. United Nations Environnent Programme. Emissions Gap Report. 2019. UNEP, Nairobi. 37. U.K. Met Office. UKCP18 Guidance: Representative Concentration Pathways. 2018. pp. 18–20. https:// www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/approach/collaboration/ukcp/guidance-science-reports. 38. van Vuuren DP, den Elzen GJ, Lucas PL, Eickout B, Strengers BJ, van Ruijven B, Wonink S, van Houdt R. Stabilizing greenhouse gas concentrations at low levels: An assessment of reduction strategies and costs. Climate Change 2007; 81: 119–159. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-006-91729 39. Mudereri BT, Chitata T, Chemura A, Makaure A, Mukanga A, Abdel-Rahman EM. Is the protected area

coverage still relevant in protecting the Southern Ground-hornbill (Bucorvus leadbeateri) biological niche in Zimbabwe? Perspectives from ecological predictions. GIScience Remote Sensing. 2021; 58: 405–424. https://doi.org/10.1080/15481603.2021.1883947 40. Chemura A, Mudereri BT, Yalew AW, Gornott C. Climate change and specialty coffee potential in Ethio- pia. Nature Scientific Reports. 2021; 11:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-87647-4 PMID: 33854166 41. Lin FJ. Solving multicollinearity in the process of fitting regression models using the nested estimate procedure. Quality and Quantity. 2008; 42: 417–426. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-006-9055-1 42. Lin FJ. Solving multicollinearity in the process of fitting regression models using the nested estimate procedure. Quality and Quantity. 2008; 42: 417–426. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-006-9055-1 43. Ranjitkar S, Sujakhu NM, Merz J, Kindt R, Xu J, Matin MA, et al. Suitability analysis and projected cli- mate change impact on banana and coffee production zones in Nepal. PLoS One. 2016; 11. https://doi. org/10.1371/journal.pone.0163916 PMID: 27689354 44. Kindt R. Ensemble species distribution modelling with transformed suitability values. Environmental Modelling and Software. 2018; 100: 136–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2017.11.009 45. de Sousa K, Solberg SØ. Conservation gaps in traditional vegetables native to Europe and Fennoscan- dia. Agriculture. 2020. 10: 8. 340. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10080340

46. Brotons L, Thuiller W, Arau´jo MB, Hirzel AH. Presence-absence versus presence-only modelling meth- ods for predicting bird habitat suitability. Ecography (Cop.). 2004; 27: 437–448. https://doi.org/10.1111/ j.0906-7590.2004.03764.x PLOS ONE Macadamia integrifolia: Climate suitability of Malawi PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0257007 September 9, 2021 19 / 20