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Mountain caves of the central region of Veracruz: A vertebrate biodiversity reservoir in a Neotropical hotspot

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and Rodrigo), and to the Huatusco Speleological Project (Ce´sar, Eleazar, A´ ngel, Moni). Finally, thanks to the members of Coruja Spelaiou (Diana and Marı´a) and to all my family for their unconditional support and the wonderful fauna recorded in this investigation. We thank Paulo A. V. Borges for providing constructive comments on an early version of the manuscript. Author Contributions Conceptualization: Alberto Herna´ndez-Lozano, Arturo Gonza´lez-Zamora, Martha L. Baena, Yareni Perroni-Ventura, Diana Gisell Juanz-Aguirre. Formal analysis: Alberto Herna´ndez-Lozano, Diana Gisell Juanz-Aguirre, Israel Huesca- Domı´guez. Methodology: Israel Huesca-Domı´guez. Software: Israel Huesca-Domı´guez. Supervision: Arturo Gonza´lez-Zamora, Martha L. Baena, Yareni Perroni-Ventura. Writing – original draft: Alberto Herna´ndez-Lozano. Writing – review & editing: Arturo Gonza´lez-Zamora, Martha L. Baena, Yareni Perroni-Ven- tura, Israel Huesca-Domı´guez. References 1. Mammola S, Meierhofe M, Borges P, Colado R, Culver D, Deharveng L, et al. Towards evidence-based conservation of subterranean ecosystems. Biological Reviews. 2022; 97 (4): 1476–1510. https://doi. org/10.1111/brv.12851 PMID: 35315207 2. Mammola S, Isaia M. Cave Communities and Species Interactions. In: Moldovan O, Kova´ č Ľ, Halse S. Cave Ecology. Ecological Studies. vol. 235. Switzerland: Springer, Cham. 2018; pp. 255–267. 3. Luo Z, Tang S, Jiang Z, Chen J, Colmillo H, Chunwang L. Conservation of Terrestrial Vertebrates in a Global Hotspot of Karst Area in Southwestern China. Scientific Reports. 2016; 6 (25717): 1–12.

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4. Prous X, Ferreira R, Jacobi C. The entrance as a complex ecotone in a Neotropical cave. International Journal of Speleology. 2015; 44 (2): 177–189. https://doi.org/10.5038/1827-806X.44.2.7 5. Bertuzzo E, Carrara F, Mari L, Altermatt F, Rodrı´guez-Iturbide I, Rinaldo A. Geo-morphic controls on elevational gradients of species richness. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2016; 113 (7): 1737–1742. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1518922113 PMID: 26831107 6. Liu S, Li X, Tan L, Fornacca D, Fang, Y, Zhu L, et al. The ecological niche and terrestrial environment jointly influence the altitudinal pattern of aquatic biodiversity. Science of the Total Environment. 2021; 800: 149404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149404 PMID: 34399334 7. Mammola S. Finding answers in the dark: caves as models in ecology fifty years after Poulson and White. Ecography. 2019; 42 (7): 1331–1351. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.03905 8. Mayekar H, Ramkumar D, Garg D, Nair a, Khandelwal A, Joshi, et al. Clinal variation as a tool to under- stand climate change. Frontiers in Physiology. 2022; 13: 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2022. 880728 PMID: 36304576 9. Culver D, Pipan T. Shallow subterranean habitats: ecology, evolution, and conservation. Oxford Uni- versity Press, 288. Nueva York, Estados Unidos. 2014; https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/ 9780199646173.001.0001 10. Culver D, Pipan T. The biology of caves and other subterranean habitats. 2ª Ed. Oxford University Press, Nueva York, Estados Unidos. 2019; pp 336.

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11. Ladle R, Firmino J, Malhado A, Rodrı´guez A. Unexplored Biodiversity and Conservation Potential of Neotropical Hot Caves. Conservation Biology. 2012; 26 (6): 978v982. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523- 1739.2012.01936.x 12. Zagmajster M, Malard F, Eme D, Culver D. Subterranean biodiversity patterns from global to regional scales. In: Moldovan K y Halse S. Ecological Studies. vol 235. Springer, Switzerland. 2019; pp. 195– 227. PLOS ONE Vertebrates in caves of Neotropical hotspot PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0306105 August 9, 2024 16 / 19