Research on climate change based on carbonate porosity analysis in Jinping, China

days, then the TCRM cannot be used. Image analysis methods are very suitable for obtaining climate change curves using porosity values over a short period of time. Chinese scholars have attempted to study climate change through different methods. The warming and drying of the climate of China’s Loess Plateau and its impact on the ecological environment have been extensively studied [2]. The spatiotemporal dynamic characteristics of typical temperate glaciers in China have been examined [3]. Furthermore, the monsoon cli- matic record has been studied using oxygen and carbon isotope data from Porites lutea in the Shalao fringing reef, Hainan Island [4]. The response of the tree-ring width of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica to climate change in the Hulunbuir Sandy Land has also been investigated [5]. In addition, the climate change trend on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau over the past 30 years had been widely studied [6]. The geochemical record of terrestrial sediments in the Sea of Japan since the last ice age and its response to sea level and climate change has also been investigated [7]. These studies used a variety of methods to conduct climate change research, and they pro- vide a good reference for the application of karst in climate change research. Runoff changes induced by vegetation recovery and climate change over carbonate and non-carbonate areas in the karst region of southwestern China has received increasing attention [8]. The spatial response of the ecosystem service value during the development of urban agglomerations has

also been seriously studied [9]. Additionally, the thermal comfort of urban buildings based on local climate zones has been analyzed [10]. These studies revealed that carbonate rocks play a very important role in the study of climate change. Chinese scholars have paid attention to the impact of climate change on human society. The optimization of local climate zones to mitigate urban heat island effect in human settle- ments has received much attention [11]. The contributions of urban ventilation to the thermal environment and the urban energy demand have been taken seriously [12]. The spatiotempo- ral relationship between the climate comfort of the urban human settlement environment and population density in China has also received much attention [13, 14]. These studies revealed that climate change is of great significance to human society. Chinese scholars have attempted to use carbonate rocks to study climate change. The paleo- climatic change and termination of the last interglacial period using a stalagmite from Qingxin cave in south Guizhou has been investigated [15]. The vegetation, climate, and depositional environment changes since the Middle Holocene in the karst area of Guilin, Guangxi have also been studied [16, 17]. In addition, the discovery of glaciokarst in central Shandong Province and its climatic significance has been widely studied [18]. Moreover, the impacts of climate change on the vegetation in the Chongqing karst region has received much attention [19]. These studies have investigated the role of karst in climate change and are good references for

this paper. Many foreign scholars have paid attention to climate change research. A composite annual- resolution stalagmite record of the North Atlantic climate over the last three millennia has been studied [20]. Precise dating of the Dansgaard-Oeschger climate oscillations in western Europe using stalagmite data has been undertaken [21]. In addition, ancient mammalian and plant deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from Late Quaternary stalagmite layers in Solkota Cave has been analyzed [22]. The accurate dating of stalagmites with low seasonal contrast in the tropical Pacific climate using 2-D Sr maps, fabrics, and annual hydrological cycles has been studied [23]. The effects of changes in the Indian monsoon on Chinese stalagmite δ18O values during a simulated Heinrich event have received a great deal of attention [24]. These studies have demonstrated that carbonate rocks, represented by stalagmites, play a very important role in climate change research. These studies revealed that stalagmites are a good basis for climate change research. The research techniques of many other disciplines can be applied to climate change research based on stalagmite records. These studies also demonstrated that it is PLOS ONE Research on climate change based on carbonate porosity analysis in Jinping PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0281630 March 30, 2023 2 / 21