South Arabia’s prehistoric monument landscape shows social resilience to climate change

PLOS One | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0323544 May 28, 2025 23 / 24 74. Garba R, Demján P, Svetlik I, Dreslerová D. The new radiocarbon dataset for trilith monuments of southeastern Arabia. Radiocarbon. 2020;63(2):461–71. https://doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2020.123 75. Burrough PA, McDonell RA. Principles of geographical information systems. New York: Oxford University Press. 1998. 76. Riley S, de Gloria S, Elliot R. Index that quantifies topographic heterogeneity. Intermountain J Sci. 1999;5(1–4):23–7. 77. Guisan A, Weiss SB, Weiss AD. GLM versus CCA spatial modeling of plant species distribution. Plant Ecology. 1999;143(1):107–22. https://doi. org/10.1023/a:1009841519580 78. Ball L. Geospatial datasets for the central South Arabian mountains (CSAM) in Al Mahrah (Yemen) and Dhofar (Oman) including spatial variability in monsoon fog density. Pangaea. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.902295 79. Esri ArcMap 10.6.1. Esri. 2018. 80. Ball L. The socio-ecological dynamics of pastoralism and overstocking in the Dhofar mountains of Oman. Canterbury (UK): University of Kent. 2018. https://kar.kent.ac.uk/id/eprint/73239 81. Ball L, Tzanopoulos J. Interplay between topography, fog and vegetation in the central South Arabian mountains revealed using a novel Landsat fog detection technique. Remote Sens Ecol Conserv. 2020;6(4):498–513. https://doi.org/10.1002/rse2.151 82. Frachetti MD, Smith CE, Traub CM, Williams T. Nomadic ecology shaped the highland geography of Asia’s Silk Roads. Nature. 2017;543(7644):193–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature21696 PMID: 28277506

83. Breiman L, Friedman JH, Olshen RA, Stone CJ. Classification and regression trees. Routledge. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315139470 84. Miska L, Jan H. Evaluation of current statistical approaches for predictive geomorphological mapping. Geomorphology. 2005;67(3–4):299–315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2004.10.006 85. R C team. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. 2019. 86. Therneau T, Atkinson E. Rpart: recursive partitioning and regression trees. R package. 2019. https://cran.r-project.org/package=rpart 87. Friedman JH. Greedy function approximation: A gradient boosting machine. Ann Statist. 2001;29(5). https://doi.org/10.1214/aos/1013203451 88. Friedman J, Hastie T, Tibshirani R. Regularization paths for generalized linear models via coordinate descent. J Stat Soft. 2010;33(1). https://doi. org/10.18637/jss.v033.i01 89. Hoerl AE, Kennard RW. Ridge regression: Biased estimation for nonorthogonal problems. Technometrics. 1970;12(1):55–67. https://doi.org/10.10 80/00401706.1970.10488634 90. Zou H, Hastie T. Regularization and variable selection via the elastic net. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B: Statistical Methodol- ogy. 2005;67(2):301–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9868.2005.00503.x 91. Tibshirani R. Regression shrinkage and selection via the lasso. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B: Statistical Methodology. 1996;58(1):267–88. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2517-6161.1996.tb02080.x

92. Huttunen H, Manninen T, Kauppi J-P, Tohka J. Mind reading with regularized multinomial logistic regression. Mach Vision Appl. 2012;24(6):1311– 25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00138-012-0464-y 93. Leslie TF, Kronenfeld BJ. The colocation quotient: A new measure of spatial association between categorical subsets of points. Geographical Analysis. 2011;43(3):306–26. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-4632.2011.00821.x 94. Abrams EM. How the Maya built their world: energetics and ancient architecture. Austin: University of Texas Press; 1994. 95. Inomata T, Triadan D, Vázquez López VA, Fernandez-Diaz JC, Omori T, Méndez Bauer MB, et al. Monumental architecture at Aguada Fénix and the rise of Maya civilization. Nature. 2020;582(7813):530–3. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2343-4 PMID: 32494009 96. McCorriston J. Pilgrimage and household in the ancient Near East. Cambridge University Press; 2011. 97. Keck M, Sakdapolrak P. What is social resilience? Lessons learned and ways forward. Erdkunde. 2013;67(1):5–19. https://doi.org/10.3112/ erdkunde.2013.01.02 98. Roque A, Quimby B, Brewis A, Wutich A. Building social capital in low-income communities for resilience. The Palgrave Handbook of Climate Resilient Societies. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. 2021. p. 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32811-5_84-1 99. Laporte L, Large J-M, Scarre C, Nespoulous L, Steimer-Herbet T. Megalithism in the Middle East. Megaliths of the world. Oxford: Archaeopress; 2022b. p. 921–34.

100. McCorriston J, Harrower M. Early Holocene forager encampments. In: McCorriston J, Harrower MJ, editors. Landscape history of Hadramawt, the Roots of Agriculture in Aouthern Arabia (RASA) Project 1998-2008. Los Angeles: UCLA Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press. 2020. p. 213–44. 101. Ben Salem H, Smith T. Feeding strategies to increase small ruminant production in dry environments. Small Ruminant Research. 2008;77(2– 3):174–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2008.03.008 102. Harrower MJ. Hydrology, ideology, and the origins of irrigation in ancient southwest Arabia. Current Anthropology. 2008;49(3):497–510. https://doi. org/10.1086/587890 103. Yule P. Cross-roads: Early and Late Iron Age south-eastern Arabia. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. 2014. 104. Steimer-Herbet T. Indonesian megaliths: a forgotten cultural heritage. Oxford: Archaeopress. 2018.