Grazing and light modify Silene latifolia responses to nutrients and future climate

but also at temperate latitudes [97], and ideally can support grassland management that incor- porates grazing measures. Supporting information S1 Fig. Light addition effect on Silene SLA. SLA under control and lighted conditions. The data are means ± SE from the leaves collected from inside the fences. (TIF) S2 Fig. Treatment effects on vegetation and litter cover. (a) Percent total vegetation cover and (b) percent litter cover in grazed (sheep) and ungrazed (exclosure), unfertilized and fertil- ized plots under ambient and future climate conditions. Data are means ± SE. Total vegetation cover and litter cover were assessed by visual estimation on the experimental plots in June 2020. (TIF) S3 Fig. Regression of Silene height and vegetation and litter cover. Regression of the visually estimated (a) total vegetation cover and Silene height and (b) litter cover and Silene height. The line represents a regression line with a 95% CI. The regressions are significant (a) F1,74 = 7.58, P = 0.007 (b) F1,56 = 21.74, P < 0.001. Note that the regression equations are based on log- transformed height values, while the y-axis shows not transformed values. Rm (marginal) refers to the amount of variance explained by the fixed effects only, Rc (conditional) refers to the amount of variance explained including the random effects (i.e. plot nested in block). (TIF) S4 Fig. Regression of Silene height and light intensity. Regression of the light intensity mea- sured approximately 7–10 cm under the lamps and 15–20 cm above ground level and Silene

height. The line represents a regression line with a 95% CI. The regression is significant F1,67 = 5.30, P = 0.024. Note that the regression equation is based on log-transformed height values, while the y-axis shows not transformed values. Rm (marginal) refers to the amount of variance explained by the fixed effects only, Rc (conditional) refers to the amount of variance explained including the random effects (i.e. plot nested in block). (TIF) S5 Fig. Regression of Silene SLA and light intensity and litter cover. Regression of (a) the light intensity measured approximately 7–10 cm under the lamps and 15–20 cm above ground level and Silene SLA and (b) the visually estimated percentage litter cover and Silene SLA. The lines represent regression lines with a 95% CI. The dashed regression line is not significant (F1,29 = 0.38, P = 0.544), the solid regression line is significant (F1,44 = 13.67, P < 0.001). Rm (marginal) refers to the amount of variance explained by the fixed effects only, Rc (condi- tional) refers to the amount of variance explained including the random effects (i.e. plot nested in block). (TIF) Acknowledgments We appreciate the Helmholtz Association, the Federal Ministry of Education and Research, the State Ministry of Science and Economy of Saxony-Anhalt and the State Ministry for Higher Education, Research and the Arts Saxony to fund the Global Change Experimental Facility (GCEF) project. We thank the staff of the Bad Lauchsta¨dt Experimental Research Sta- tion (especially Ines Merbach and Konrad Kirsch) and Martin Scha¨dler for their work in main-

taining the plots and infrastructures of the Global Change Experimental Facility (GCEF), and PLOS ONE Transplant performance and trait responses to abiotic and biotic changes PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0276789 November 8, 2022 11 / 16