How to tackle complexity in urban climate resilience? Negotiating climate science, adaptation and multi-level governance in India

At the urban scale, we suggest that cities need to prepare City Resilience Strategy document that would contain present status of infrastructure, services and institutional arrangements, climate change projections for the near and long term, and actions to be taken in different sec- tors that will make cities climate resilient. Such an arrangement can improve understanding, cooperation, and coordination amongst stakeholders, with urban local body being a major stakeholder. Knowledge sharing on how certain resilience measures have benefitted one city will help others to consider newer options that may be more efficient and effective. It is a low- cost but high impact alternative in developing contexts to reduce human and material losses and better implement local actions. Last but not least, regular checks and monitoring mecha- nisms built into municipal actions would ensure greater efficiency and timeliness in climate governance at the local level. Supporting information S1 Appendix. Description of method. (DOCX) S2 Appendix. Forecasted climate variability in temperature (in ˚C) and precipitation (in mm/day) against historic trends across different states/ regions of India. (DOCX) S3 Appendix. Adaptation for temperature rise, heat waves and droughts. (DOCX) S4 Appendix. Adaptation for heavy rainfall events and flash floods. (DOCX) S5 Appendix. Adaptation for landslides. (DOCX) S6 Appendix. Adaptation for sea level rise. (DOCX) Acknowledgments The primary research activity was supported by National Institute of Urban Affairs (NIUA),

India. For provision of open access and non-restricted use of mapping data, we acknowledge (a) PLOS ONE article for identical data on political boundaries made available under the CC BY 4.0 license, and (b) the World Climate Research Programme’s Working Group on Regional Climate, and the Working Group on Coupled Modelling, former coordinating body of CORDEX and responsible panel for CMIP5. For full details on data and their sources, refer S1 Appendix of this paper. We also thank the climate modelling groups for producing and making available their model output. We also acknowledge the Earth System Grid Federation infrastructure an international effort led by the U.S. Department of Energy’s Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison, the European Network for Earth System Modelling and other partners in the Global Organisation for Earth System Science Portals (GO-ESSP).” For details on data sources and methods, refer Supplementary Information. Author Contributions Conceptualization: Mahendra Sethi. Data curation: Subhakanta Mohapatra, Shilpi Mittal. PLOS ONE Negotiating complexity of climate science, adaptation and multi-level governance in urban resilience PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253904 July 1, 2021 17 / 21