How to tackle complexity in urban climate resilience? Negotiating climate science, adaptation and multi-level governance in India

Table 4. Incorporation of climate resilience building measures into different types of local/ urban plans. Type of Plan General Purpose Climate resilience building measures Town Plan/ Physical Land use plans • Identifies development hazard areas (steep slopes, flood plains, etc.) • Highlight “hot spots” or “no development areas” where climate change impacts are likely to be most severe • Identifies areas (zones) for different types of development (i.e., housing, commercial, industrial, etc.) • Set policy direction on “climate friendly” and/ or “climate resilient” infrastructure and services for e.g. storm water management, water, etc. • Provides long-term direction on land use and development, work centers, transportation and overall community development Storm water management plan • Improves storm water management, including drainage infrastructure • Zonation of flood hazard areas and marking of high flood lines in habitations. • Climate proofing of storm water structures, conveyance, drains, pumps, etc. • Mandatory provisions for flood and coastal management, including appropriate sustainable defences. • Increase permeability of paved areas and ground water recharge in both drought and flood prone areas. • Directing new infrastructure to “safer” areas not as risky to climate change impacts (i.e. can attract or pull development to serviced areas). Transportation Plan • Improves mobility and infrastructure for motorized and non-motorized transport • Identify and strengthen “weak links” in transport networks e.g. rail-

roads, highways, bridges, culverts, pathways, threatened by storm surges, flooding, etc. • Identify and designate emergency routes • Improving road infrastructure and modes commonly used by the urban poor and vulnerable groups • Integrate resilience efforts with mitigation funds aiming at prioritizing non-motorized transportation, reduced congestion and carbon emissions. Local Economic Development Plan or Strategy • Identifies and prioritizes economic activities and livelihoods (i.e., jobs, capacity, infrastructure, etc.) • Reduce urban poverty levels for key vulnerable groups e.g., women, children, urban poor. • Promote “green development” and/ or “climate friendly” opportunities Informal Settlement Upgradation Plans, Slum Development Schemes • Develops policies and plans to improve services, infrastructure and sanitation in informal settlements and slums • Identify risks to local people, hutments, plinths, alleys, slope failures) and respond through transformative measures like infrastructure improvement • Identify residential clusters in high hazard areas and/ or develop relocation strategy or planned-retreat. • Capacity development/ training of stakeholders and regular monitoring of efforts. Solid Waste Management Plan • Improves solid waste management, including collection, transportation and disposal infrastructure • Align with mitigation efforts through improved materials recycling and/or reuse • Promote scientific landfills to mitigate leaching, inundation, air pollution and GHGs

Water Supply Management Plan • Improves water supply, management and distribution • Augment water reserves for extreme arid months and strengthen municipal supply, treatment and distribution capacities • Improves water conservation • Accelerate water conservation and water demand strategies and to manage and adapt to potential shortages Sewer / Liquid Waste Management Plan • Improves waste water/ sewer management • Develop guidelines for “climate proofing” infrastructure (i.e., build and locate infrastructure to withstand and function during extreme climate events) • Identify and prioritizes high risk areas where new facilities are most needed to reduce climate change impacts amongst vulnerable groups • Identify options to reuse wastewater (grey water) for urban agriculture and horticulture (Continued) PLOS ONE Negotiating complexity of climate science, adaptation and multi-level governance in urban resilience PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253904 July 1, 2021 14 / 21