Multilevel predictors of climate change beliefs in Africa

20. Kahan DM, Peters E, Wittlin M, Slovic P, Ouellette LL, Braman D, et al. The polarizing impact of science literacy and numeracy on perceived climate change risks. Nat Clim Chang. 2012; 2: 732–735. https:// doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1547 21. Hart PS, Nisbet EC. Boomerang Effects in Science Communication. Communic Res. 2012; 39: 701– 723. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650211416646 22. Roser-Renouf C, Maibach EW, Leiserowitz A, Zhao X. The genesis of climate change activism: from key beliefs to political action. Clim Chang 2014 1252. 2014; 125: 163–178. https://doi.org/10.1007/ S10584-014-1173-5 23. Cologna V, Siegrist M. The role of trust for climate change mitigation and adaptation behaviour: A meta- analysis. J Environ Psychol. 2020; 69: 101428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2020.101428 24. Druckman JN, McGrath MC. The evidence for motivated reasoning in climate change preference forma- tion. Nat Clim Chang 2019 92. 2019; 9: 111–119. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0360-1 25. Artur L, Hilhorst D. Everyday realities of climate change adaptation in Mozambique. Glob Environ Chang. 2012; 22: 529–536. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.11.013 26. Hamilton LC, Keim BD. Regional variation in perceptions about climate change. Int J Climatol. 2009; 29: 2348–2352. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1930 27. Morrison M, Duncan R, Parton K. Religion Does Matter for Climate Change Attitudes and Behavior. Ebi KL, editor. PLoS One. 2015; 10: e0134868. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0134868 PMID: 26247206

28. Haluza-DeLay R. Religion and climate change: varieties in viewpoints and practices. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Clim Chang. 2014; 5: 261–279. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.268 29. Weber EU. What shapes perceptions of climate change? New research since 2010. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Clim Chang. 2016; 7: 125–134. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.377 30. van der Linden S. The social-psychological determinants of climate change risk perceptions: Towards a comprehensive model. J Environ Psychol. 2015; 41: 112–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2014.11. 012 31. Spence A, Pidgeon N. Framing and communicating climate change: The effects of distance and out- come frame manipulations. Glob Environ Chang. 2010; 20: 656–667. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. gloenvcha.2010.07.002 32. Weber EU. Experience-based and description-based perceptions of long-term risk: Why global warming does not scare us (yet). Clim Change. 2006; 77: 103–120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-006-9060-3 33. Rudman LA, McLean MC, Bunzl M. When Truth Is Personally Inconvenient, Attitudes Change: The Impact of Extreme Weather on Implicit Support for Green Politicians and Explicit Climate-Change Beliefs. Psychol Sci. 2013; 24: 2290–2296. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797613492775 PMID: 24058064 34. Spence A, Poortinga W, Butler C, Pidgeon NF. Perceptions of climate change and willingness to save energy related to flood experience. Nat Clim Chang. 2011; 1: 46–49. https://doi.org/10.1038/ nclimate1059 35. Kaufmann RK, Mann ML, Gopal S, Liederman JA, Howe PD, Pretis F, et al. Spatial heterogeneity of cli-

mate change as an experiential basis for skepticism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2017; 114: 67–71. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1607032113 PMID: 27994143 36. Myers TA, Maibach EW, Roser-Renouf C, Akerlof K, Leiserowitz AA. The relationship between per- sonal experience and belief in the reality of global warming. Nat Clim Chang. 2013; 3: 343–347. https:// doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1754 37. Reser JP, Bradley GL, Ellul MC. Encountering climate change: ‘seeing’ is more than ‘believing.’ Wiley Interdiscip Rev Clim Chang. 2014; 5: 521–537. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.286 38. Donner SD, McDaniels J. The influence of national temperature fluctuations on opinions about climate change in the U.S. since 1990. Clim Change. 2013; 118: 537–550. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-012- 0690-3 39. Zaval L, Keenan EA, Johnson EJ, Weber EU. How warm days increase belief in global warming. Nat Clim Chang. 2014; 4: 143–147. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2093 40. Li Y, Johnson EJ, Zaval L. Local warming: Daily temperature change influences belief in global warm- ing. Psychol Sci. 2011; 22: 454–459. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797611400913 PMID: 21372325 41. Deressa TT, Hassan RM, Ringler C. Perception of and adaptation to climate change by farmers in the Nile basin of Ethiopia. J Agric Sci. 2011; 149: 23–31. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859610000687 42. Scruggs L, Benegal S. Declining public concern about climate change: Can we blame the great reces- sion? Glob Environ Chang. 2012; 22: 505–515. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2012.01.002 PLOS ONE

Multilevel predictors of climate change beliefs in Africa PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0266387 April 5, 2022 12 / 14