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Multilevel predictors of climate change beliefs in Africa

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Methodology: Juan B. Gonza´lez. Software: Juan B. Gonza´lez. Supervision: Alfonso Sa´nchez. Visualization: Juan B. Gonza´lez. Writing – original draft: Juan B. Gonza´lez, Alfonso Sa´nchez. Writing – review & editing: Juan B. Gonza´lez, Alfonso Sa´nchez. References 1. IPCC. Climate Change 2022: impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2022. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150065 PMID: 34525713 2. Gifford R. The Dragons of Inaction. Psychological Barriers That Limit Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation. Am Psychol. 2011;66. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023566 PMID: 21553954 3. Clayton S, Devine-Wright P, Stern PC, Whitmarsh L, Carrico A, Steg L, et al. Psychological research and global climate change. Nat Clim Chang. 2015; 5: 640–646. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2622 4. van Valkengoed AM, Steg L. Meta-analyses of factors motivating climate change adaptation behaviour. Nat Clim Chang. 2019; 9: 158–163. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0371-y 5. Afrobarometer. Afrobarometer Data, 7th Round. 2019 [cited 11 Mar 2021]. Available: https:// afrobarometer.org/data/data-use-policy 6. Tjernstro¨ m E, Tietenberg T. Do differences in attitudes explain differences in national climate change policies? Ecol Econ. 2008; 65: 315–324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2007.06.019 7. Dietz T, Dan A, Shwom R. Support for Climate Change Policy: Social Psychological and Social Struc-

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tural Influences. Rural Sociol. 2007; 72: 185–214. https://doi.org/10.1526/003601107781170026 8. Hornsey MJ, Harris EA, Bain PG, Fielding KS. Meta-analyses of the determinants and outcomes of belief in climate change. Nat Clim Chang. 2016; 6: 622–626. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2943 9. Blennow K, Persson J, Tome´ M, Hanewinkel M. Climate Change: Believing and Seeing Implies Adapt- ing. PLoS One. 2012; 7: e50182. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0050182 PMID: 23185568 10. Lee TM, Markowitz EM, Howe PD, Ko CY, Leiserowitz AA. Predictors of public climate change aware- ness and risk perception around the world. Nat Clim Chang. 2015; 5: 1014–1020. https://doi.org/10. 1038/nclimate2728 11. Levi S. Country-level conditions like prosperity, democracy, and regulatory culture predict individual cli- mate change belief. Commun Earth Environ. 2021; 2: 51. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-021-00118-6 12. Lehner F, Stocker TF. From local perception to global perspective. Nat Clim Chang. 2015; 5: 731–734. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2660 13. Adhikari U, Nejadhashemi AP, Woznicki SA. Climate change and eastern Africa: a review of impact on major crops. Food Energy Secur. 2015; 4: 110–132. https://doi.org/10.1002/FES3.61 14. Moore FC, Obradovich N, Lehner F, Baylis P. Rapidly declining remarkability of temperature anomalies may obscure public perception of climate change. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2019; 116: 4905–4910. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1816541116 PMID: 30804179

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15. Williams HTP, McMurray JR, Kurz T, Hugo Lambert F. Network analysis reveals open forums and echo chambers in social media discussions of climate change. Glob Environ Chang. 2015; 32: 126–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.03.006 16. Godfrey A, LeRoux-Rutledge E, Cooke S, Burton M. Africa Talks Climate: The public understanding of climate change in ten countries. BBC World Serv Trust. 2010. 17. Poortinga W, Whitmarsh L, Steg L, Bo¨ hm G, Fisher S. Climate change perceptions and their individual- level determinants: A cross-European analysis. Glob Environ Chang. 2019; 55: 25–35. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2019.01.007 18. Marquart-Pyatt ST, McCright AM, Dietz T, Dunlap RE. Politics eclipses climate extremes for climate change perceptions. Glob Environ Chang. 2014; 29: 246–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha. 2014.10.004 19. Corner A, Whitmarsh L, Xenias D. Uncertainty, scepticism and attitudes towards climate change: Biased assimilation and attitude polarisation. Clim Change. 2012; 114: 463–478. https://doi.org/10. 1007/s10584-012-0424-6 PLOS ONE Multilevel predictors of climate change beliefs in Africa PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0266387 April 5, 2022 11 / 14