Energy self-sufficient households with photovoltaics and electric vehicles are feasible in temperate climate

Fig 7. Required energy in alternative cases and produced energy in self-sufficient cases in 2050. Produced energy is provided with a rooftop PV efficiency of 27.2%. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0227368.g007 Fig 8. Total costs per person (4 people per building in SFBs, 20 people per building in MFBs). Self-sufficient cases show the range for PV efficiency varying between 22.1% and 27.2%. For sensitivity of self-sufficient cases to costs (including cost of the PV system), see Fig 11 below. Assuming battery cost of 265 CHF per kWh with a fixed additional 2,740 CHF for battery system setup. Alternative cases show costs assuming fuel, electricity, and gas costs ranging between + and– 20% of the assumptions in Table 4. The grid-based cases show range of costs assuming a selling price of electricity to the market of 0.16 CHF/kWh (scarce scenario) and 0 CHF/ kWh (abundant scenario), and a purchasing price from the market of 0.31 CHF/kWh (scarce scenario) and 0.21 CHF/kWh (abundant scenario). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0227368.g008 Energy self-sufficient households with photovoltaics and electric vehicles are feasible in temperate climate PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0227368 March 4, 2020 16 / 25