Energy self-sufficient households with photovoltaics and electric vehicles are feasible in temperate climate

ICEs. Fig 7 shows this difference in final energy consumption of alternative and self-sufficient cases per person. Total costs in the self-sufficient cases are generally higher than in alternative cases. How- ever, as becomes clear in Fig 8, grid-connected fully electrified alternatives are almost always cheaper than fossil fuel alternative cases. In other words, unless electricity costs develop Fig 6. Share of total cost across different system components for (a) self-sufficient and (b) alternative cases, as well as (c) the percentage increase in fuel cost that would be required for alternative cases to become cost-equivalent with self-sufficient cases, assuming no other changes in component costs. All of these cost figures show total discounted costs over the entire lifetime of the systems, which is assumed to be 20 years. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0227368.g006 Energy self-sufficient households with photovoltaics and electric vehicles are feasible in temperate climate PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0227368 March 4, 2020 15 / 25