Design of global climate control based on fuzzy systems with concept of carbon emissions

PLOS One Design of global climate control based on fuzzy systems Fig 22. Convergence ratio of 𝜉T(t) and ∥ 𝜉T(t) ∥. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0333846.g022 Fig 23. Convergence ratio of 𝜉S(t) and ∥ 𝜉S(t) ∥. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0333846.g023 The quantity of carbon emissions permitted annually, measured in PgC, as determined by 𝜆F→A(t) = u(t).p(t). The terrestrial biosphere refers to the portion of Earth’s surface that sup- ports life, encompassing all ecosystems on land. It includes forests, grasslands, deserts, tundra, and other terrestrial ecosystems. An essential component of the global carbon cycle is the ter- restrial biosphere, influencing climate regulation, biodiversity, and the provision of ecosystem services such as food, water, and raw materials. From the Fig 25, for low 𝜅max values, the con- troller exhibits a sharp incline, enabling rapid response, whereas for higher parameter values, the controller’s reaction is more gradual. Remark 4. The outputs from y(t) the carbon–climate system are utilized in various ways to inform control strategies and policy decisions. Here are the key areas where these outputs are PLOS One https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0333846 October 14, 2025 25/ 30