Design of global climate control based on fuzzy systems with concept of carbon emissions

PLOS ONE OPEN ACCESS Citation: Naseer S, Chang W, Aslam S, Hashim Bukhari M, Bilal H, Nawaz MJ (2025) Design of global climate control based on fuzzy systems with concept of carbon emissions. PLoS One 20(10): e0333846. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0333846 Editor: Morteza Taki, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, IRAN, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF Received: July 2, 2025 Accepted: September 18, 2025 Published: October 14, 2025 Copyright: © 2025 Naseer et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Data availability statement: All data are in the manuscript and/or supporting information files. Funding: This research was founded by the National Science and Technology Council of the Republic of China under contract NSTC114-2221-E-019-067. Competing interests: The writers claim to have no conflicts of interest and Aramco company on RESEARCH ARTICLE Design of global climate control based on fuzzy systems with concept of carbon emissions Saira Naseer1, Wer-Jer Chang2∗, Muhammad Shamrooz Aslam 3∗, Muhammad Hashim Bukhari4, Hazrat Bilal5, Muhammad Javid Nawaz6 1 School of Economics and Management, Quanzhou University of Information Engineering, Quanzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China, 2 Department of Marine Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University (NTOU), Keelung, Taiwan, 3 School of Computer Science and Technology/School of Artificial

Intelligence, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, People’s Republic of China, 4 Saudi AramcoStar Building LIP, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, 5 School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China, 6 School of Economics and Management, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China ∗ wjchang@mail.ntou.edu.tw (W-JC); shamroz_aslam@cumt.edu.cn (MSA) Abstract The global carbon–climate system is a highly complex and dynamic network character- ized by multiple feedback loops between interconnected components. Addressing the risks of climate change requires active intervention across these components (Atmo- spheric level, Surface ocean, and Terrestrial biosphere). Consequently, this research introduces a new mathematical fuzzy control theory to explore how control mechanisms, incorporating both open and closed–loop, can help guide the carbon–climate system toward more stable and sustainable levels. First, a fuzzy mathematical generalization as a compartmental dynamical model is proposed for a formal analysis of closed–loop con- trol strategies for climate regulation. Second, the challenge of managing carbon–climate dynamics is reframed as a network congestion control problem, incorporating critical con- cepts to highlight gaps in current scientific approaches to climate feedback management. Third, an algorithm based on an implicit open–loop control assumption, incorporating the

need for continuous adjustments when discrepancies arise between targets and actual measurements, is introduced. Additionally, taking into account nonlinear behavior and feedback from an international carbon monitoring system, the authors show how the task of regulating the global carbon cycle may be viewed as an abstracted network conges- tion problem using a reduced complexity model. Finally, a simulation scenario demon- strating how closed–loop control could be developed to more effectively manage the carbon–climate structure is presented. PLOS One https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0333846 October 14, 2025 1/ 30