Surf smelt accelerate usage of endogenous energy reserves under climate change

truly understudied forage fish in the north Pacific ecosystem, and further investigation of their potential role in ecosystem response and resilience to global change is warranted. Supporting information S1 Table. Experimental conditions–embryo heartrate experiment. Average seawater tem- perature, pH, pCO2, and CT for the embryo heartrate experiment. Data are shown as time- averaged means ± 1 SD of (n) measurements. pH and temperature were measured daily, while CT was measured 3 times per week. pCO2 was derived from temperature, pH, and CT measure- ments. (PDF) S1 Fig. Embryo heartrate. The number of heart beats from embryos (n = 96) per ten seconds from each treatment. Whiskers extend from the upper and lower quartiles to 1.5 times the interquartile range. Data outside of this range are shown as points. Neither temperature nor pCO2 were significant predictors of heartrate. (TIF) Acknowledgments The authors are grateful for the help of the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife (T. Sandell). We thank D. Penttila for his guidance on surf smelt collection. We thank the Shan- non Point Marine Center for logistical support. We thank B. Miner for statistical and experi- mental design guidance. Author Contributions Conceptualization: Megan Russell, M. Brady Olson, Brooke A. Love. Data curation: Megan Russell, M. Brady Olson, Brooke A. Love. Formal analysis: Megan Russell, M. Brady Olson, Brooke A. Love. Funding acquisition: Megan Russell, M. Brady Olson. Investigation: Megan Russell, M. Brady Olson, Brooke A. Love. Methodology: Megan Russell, M. Brady Olson, Brooke A. Love.

Project administration: Megan Russell. Resources: M. Brady Olson, Brooke A. Love. Supervision: M. Brady Olson. Visualization: Megan Russell. Writing – original draft: Megan Russell. Writing – review & editing: M. Brady Olson, Brooke A. Love. References 1. Girard C (1854) Observations upon a collection of fishes made on the Pacific coast of the United States, by Lieut. W. P. Trowbridge, U.S.A., for the museum of the Smithsonian Institution. Proc Acad Nat Sci Philadelphia 7(4): 142–156 2. Essington T, Moriarty P, Froehlich H, Hodgson E, Koehn L, Oken K, et al (2015) Fishing amplifies for- age fish population collapses. Proc Natl Acad Sci 112: 6648–6652. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas. 1422020112 PMID: 25848018 PLOS ONE Surf smelt response to climate co-stressors PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0270491 June 27, 2022 11 / 14