Mapping the climate and agronomic digital advisory services landscape in West and Central Africa: A step towards making food systems productive and climate resilient

PLOS One | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0338010 December 3, 2025 5 / 20 Rwanda, Burundi, and the DRC across the year. However, these curves showed greater variability in West African coun- tries, exhibiting a conspicuous dip during the rainy season. 2.4. Status of farming and food security Smallholder farmers in the region—relying on rainfed cultivation, grown with limited access to quality seeds, fertilizers, agrochemicals, or credit for machinery—suffer from low productivity [13]. Contributing factors include: (1) low adoption of improved seeds and technologies; (2) unmanaged pests, diseases, and weeds; (3) limited use of agrochemicals; (4) inadequate agricultural extension services; and (5) lack of information on weather, markets, and credit. While Ivory Fig 2. Monthly climatology (1991–2022) for precipitation, minimum, maximum, and average temperature in the six countries of wca (data source: world bank [12]). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0338010.g002