Gain and loss: Human and environmental wellbeing – drivers of Kilimanjaro’s decreasing biodiversity
pmc-PMC12571284.pdf · Phiên bản 1 · 23 trang
PLOS One | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0334184 October 29, 2025 21 / 23 11. Sala OE, Chapin FS 3rd, Armesto JJ, Berlow E, Bloomfield J, Dirzo R, et al. Global biodiversity scenarios for the year 2100. Science. 2000;287(5459):1770–4. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.287.5459.1770 PMID: 10710299 12. Pereira HM, Navarro LM, Martins IS. Global biodiversity change: the bad, the good, and the unknown. Annu Rev Environ Resour. 2012;37(1):25– 50. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-042911-093511 13. Maxwell SL, Fuller RA, Brooks TM, Watson JEM. Biodiversity: the ravages of guns, nets and bulldozers. Nature. 2016;536(7615):143–5. https:// doi.org/10.1038/536143a PMID: 27510207 14. Jaureguiberry P, Titeux N, Wiemers M, Bowler DE, Coscieme L, Golden AS, et al. The direct drivers of recent global anthropogenic biodiversity loss. Sci Adv. 2022;8(45):eabm9982. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abm9982 PMID: 36351024 15. Mottet A, Ladet S, Coqué N, Gibon A. Agricultural land-use change and its drivers in mountain landscapes: a case study in the Pyrenees. Agric Ecosyst Environ. 2006;114:296–310. 16. Bucała A. The impact of human activities on land use and land cover changes and environmental processes in the Gorce Mountains (Western Polish Carpathians) in the past 50 years. J Environ Manage. 2014;138:4–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.01.036 PMID: 24565936 17. Hemp A. Ecology of the pteridophytes on the southern slopes of Mt. Kilimanjaro. Part II: Habitat Selection. Plant Biol. 2001;3(5):493–523. https:// doi.org/10.1055/s-2001-17729
18. Classen A, Peters MK, Ferger SW, Helbig-Bonitz M, Schmack JM, Maassen G, et al. Complementary ecosystem services provided by pest preda- tors and pollinators increase quantity and quality of coffee yields. Proc Biol Sci. 2014;281(1779):20133148. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.3148 PMID: 24500173 19. Bianco G, Manning P, Schleuning M. A quantitative framework for identifying the role of individual species in Nature’s Contributions to People. Ecol Lett. 2024;27(2):e14371. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.14371 PMID: 38361471 20. Hemp A. Climate change‐driven forest fires marginalize the impact of ice cap wasting on Kilimanjaro. Glob Chang Biol. 2005;11(7):1013–23. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00968.x 21. Hemp A, Hemp C. Broken bridges: the isolation of Kilimanjaro’s ecosystem. Glob Chang Biol. 2018;24(8):3499–507. https://doi.org/10.1111/ gcb.14078 PMID: 29504230 22. Myers N, Mittermeier RA, Mittermeier CG, da Fonseca GA, Kent J. Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature. 2000;403(6772):853–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/35002501 PMID: 10706275 23. Hemp A. Vegetation of Kilimanjaro: hidden endemics and missing bamboo. Afr J Ecol. 2006;44(3):305–28. https://doi. org/10.1111/j.1365-2028.2006.00679.x 24. B JPM. Some aspects of the phytogeography of tropical Africa. Ann Mo Bot Gard. 1978;65(2):437–78. 25. Soini E. Land use change patterns and livelihood dynamics on the slopes of Mt. Kilimanjaro. Agric Syst. 2005;85:306–23.
26. Lambrechts C, Woodley B, Hemp A, Hemp C, Nnyiti P. Aerial survey of the threats to Mt. Kilimanjaro forests. Dar es Salaam: UNDP; 2002. 27. Maeda EE, Hurskainen P. Spatiotemporal characterization of land surface temperature in Mount Kilimanjaro using satellite data. Theor Appl Clima- tol. 2014;118(3):497–509. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-013-1082-y 28. Hemp A, Oleson E, Buchroithner MF. Kilimanjaro. Physiographic map with landuse and vegetation, scale 1:100,000. München, Germany: ARGE; 2017. 29. Hemp A, Zimmermann R, Remmele S, Pommer U, Berauer B, Hemp C. Africa’s highest mountain harbours Africa’s tallest trees. Biodivers Conserv. 2017;26:103–13. 30. Hemp C. The Chagga home gardens: relict areas for endemic saltatoria species (Insecta: Orthoptera) on Mt. Kilimanjaro. Biodivers Conserv. 2005;125:203–10. 31. Hemp A. The banana forests of Kilimanjaro. Biodiversity and conservation of the agroforestry system of the Chagga Homegardens. Biodivers Con- serv. 2006;15(4):1193–217. 32. Hemp A. Introduced plants on Kilimanjaro: tourism and its impact. Plant Ecol. 2007;197(1):17–29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-007-9356-z 33. Hemp C, Hemp A. Saltatoria coenoses of high-altitude grasslands on Mt. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania (Orthoptera: Saltatoria). Ecotropica. 2003;9:71–97. 34. Müller MJ. Handbuch ausgewählter Klimastationen der Erde. 3 ed. Mertesdorf, Ruwertal (Trier): Forschungsstelle Bodenerosion der Universität Trier; 1983. 35. Hemp A, Hemp J. Weather or not—global climate databases: reliable on tropical mountains? PLoS ONE. 2024;19(3):e0299363.
36. Otte I, Detsch F, Mwangomo E, Hemp A, Appelhans T, Nauss T. Multidecadal trends and interannual variability of rainfall as observed from five lowland stations at Mt. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania. J Hydrometeorol. 2016;18:349–61. 37. Raum J. Statistisches aus dem Dschaggalande. Evangelisch-lutherisches Missionsblatt. 1914. pp. 124–7. 38. Pesaresi M, Politis P. GHS-BUILT-S R2023A - GHS built-up surface grid, derived from Sentinel2 composite and Landsat, multitemporal (1975- 2030). European Commission Joint Research Centre PID: 2023. http://data.europa.eu/89h/9f06f36f-4b11-47ec-abb0-4f8b7b1d72ea 39. Exavier R, Zeilhofer P. OpenLand: software for quantitative analysis and visualization of land use and cover change. R J. 2020;12(2):359. https:// doi.org/10.32614/rj-2021-021 40. Sprigade P, Moisel M, Verlag ES. Hans Meyer’s Ostafrika-Expedition [map]. 1911. Available from: https://www.loc.gov/item/2009578555/