Gain and loss: Human and environmental wellbeing – drivers of Kilimanjaro’s decreasing biodiversity

PLOS One | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0334184 October 29, 2025 20 / 23 Supporting information S1 Table. Species numbers and reduction factors for all LULC-combinations. (XLSX) S1 Text. Supplementary information for “Drivers of Kilimanjaro’s decreasing biodiversity”. (DOCX) S1 Checklist. Additional information regarding the ethical, cultural, and scientific considerations specific to inclusivity in global research. (DOCX) Acknowledgments We thank the Tanzania Commission for Science and Technology (COSTECH), the Tanzania National Parks (TANAPA) and the Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute (TAWIRI) for permitting research. Author contributions Conceptualization: Andreas Hemp. Data curation: Andreas Hemp. Formal analysis: Andreas Hemp, Mieko Miyazawa, Pekka Hurskainen. Funding acquisition: Andreas Hemp. Investigation: Andreas Hemp. Methodology: Andreas Hemp. Project administration: Andreas Hemp. Writing – original draft: Andreas Hemp, Mieko Miyazawa, Pekka Hurskainen. Writing – review & editing: Andreas Hemp, Mieko Miyazawa, Pekka Hurskainen. References 1. Steffen W, Richardson K, Rockström J, Cornell SE, Fetzer I, Bennett EM, et al. Sustainability. Planetary boundaries: guiding human development on a changing planet. Science. 2015;347(6223):1259855. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1259855 PMID: 25592418 2. IPBES. Summary for policymakers of the global assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services. Bonn: Intergovernmental Science- Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services; 2019.

3. Díaz S, Fargione J, Chapin FS 3rd, Tilman D. Biodiversity loss threatens human well-being. PLoS Biol. 2006;4(8):e277. https://doi.org/10.1371/ journal.pbio.0040277 PMID: 16895442 4. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Ecosystems and human wellbeing: Synthesis. Washington, DC: Island Press; 2005. 5. IPBES. Summary for policymakers of the global assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services. Bonn: Intergovernmental Science- Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services; 2019. 6. Ulman S-R, Mihai C, Cautisanu C. Peculiarities of the relation between human and environmental wellbeing in different stages of national develop- ment. Sustainability. 2020;12(19):8106. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12198106 7. Díaz S, Settele J, Brondízio ES, Ngo HT, Agard J, Arneth A, et al. Pervasive human-driven decline of life on Earth points to the need for transfor- mative change. Science. 2019;366(6471):eaax3100. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aax3100 PMID: 31831642 8. Pörtner HO, Scholes RJ, Agard J, Archer E, Arneth A, Bai X. Scientific outcome of the IPBES-IPCC co-sponsored workshop on biodiversity and climate change. Zenodo; 2021. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5031995 9. Scheffers BR, De Meester L, Bridge TCL, Hoffmann AA, Pandolfi JM, Corlett RT, et al. The broad footprint of climate change from genes to biomes to people. Science. 2016;354(6313):aaf7671. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf7671 PMID: 27846577 10. Malhi Y, Franklin J, Seddon N, Solan M, Turner MG, Field CB, et al. Climate change and ecosystems: threats, opportunities and solutions. Philos

Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2020;375(1794):20190104. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0104 PMID: 31983329