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Interacting effects of habitat structure and seeding with oysters on the intertidal biodiversity of seawalls

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flat) on the environmental variables (maximum temperature, minimum temperature, standard deviation temperature, average humidity and average light). Site and month (repeated measure) were also included in the model. Post hoc tests for significant factors of interest are shown. Tests significant at α = 0.05 are shown in bold. (DOCX) Acknowledgments We thank the many people that helped in deploying and monitoring the experiment, including Emma Wilkie, Peter Simpson, Stephanie Bagala, Caleb Rankin, Dominic McAfee, Maria Vozzo and the Port Stephens Fisheries Institute and the NSW Department of Primary Industry for providing the oysters. This study was part of the World Harbour Project. Author Contributions Conceptualization: Elisabeth Marijke Anne Strain, Vivian Ruth Cumbo, Rebecca Louise Mor- ris, Peter David Steinberg, Melanie Jane Bishop. Data curation: Elisabeth Marijke Anne Strain, Vivian Ruth Cumbo, Rebecca Louise Morris, Melanie Jane Bishop. Formal analysis: Elisabeth Marijke Anne Strain. Funding acquisition: Elisabeth Marijke Anne Strain, Peter David Steinberg, Melanie Jane Bishop. Investigation: Elisabeth Marijke Anne Strain. Methodology: Elisabeth Marijke Anne Strain. Project administration: Elisabeth Marijke Anne Strain. Writing – original draft: Elisabeth Marijke Anne Strain. Writing – review & editing: Elisabeth Marijke Anne Strain, Vivian Ruth Cumbo, Rebecca Louise Morris, Peter David Steinberg, Melanie Jane Bishop. References 1. Connor EF, McCoy ED. The statistics and biology of the species-area relationship. The American Natu- ralist. 1979; 113(6):791–833.

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2. Kovalenko KE, Thomaz SM, Warfe DM. Habitat complexity: approaches and future directions. Hydro- biologia. 2012; 685(1):1–17. 3. McGuinness KA. Species–area curves. Biological Reviews. 1984; 59(3):423–40. 4. Gee J, Warwick R. Metazoan community structure in relation to the fractal dimensions of marine macro- algae. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 1994; 103:141–50. 5. Matias MG, Underwood A, Coleman RA. Interactions of components of habitats alter composition and variability of assemblages. Journal of Animal Ecology. 2007; 76(5):986–94. https://doi.org/10.1111/j. 1365-2656.2007.01277.x PMID: 17714277 6. Loke LH, Todd PA. Structural complexity and component type increase intertidal biodiversity indepen- dently of area. Ecology. 2016; 97(2):383–93. https://doi.org/10.1890/15-0257.1 PMID: 27145613 7. Strain EM, Morris RL, Coleman RA, Figueira W, Steinberg P, Johnston E, et al. Increasing microhabitat complexity on seawalls can reduce fish predation on native oysters. Ecological Engineering. 2018; 120:637–42. 8. Coull BC, Wells J. Refuges from fish predation: experiments with phytal meiofauna from the New Zea- land rocky intertidal. Ecology. 1983; 64(6):1599–609. PLOS ONE Effects of microhabitats and seeding with oysters on intertidal biodiversity PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0230807 July 16, 2020 18 / 21