Spatially congruent sites of importance for global shark and ray biodiversity

8. Worm B, Tittensor DP. A theory of global biodiversity. Princeton, Oxford: Princeton University Press; 2018. 9. Lennon JJ, Koleff P, Greenwood JJD, et al. Contribution of rarity and commonness to patterns of spe- cies richness. Ecol Lett. 2004; 7: 81–87. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1461-0248.2004.00548.x 10. Roberts CM, McClean CJ, Veron JEN, et al. Marine biodiversity hotspots and conservation priorities for tropical reefs. Science (80-). 2002; 295: 1280–1284. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1067728 PMID: 11847338 11. Mace GM, Gittleman JL, Purvis A. Preserving the tree of life. Science (80-). 2003; 300: 1707–1709. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1085510 PMID: 12805539 12. Vane-Wright RI, Humphries CJ, Williams PH. What to protect?- The agony of choice. Biol Conserv. 1991; 55: 235–254. 13. Jetz W, Thomas GH, Joy JB, et al. Global distribution and conservation of evolutionary distinctness in birds. Curr Biol. 2014; 24: 919–930. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.011 PMID: 24726155 14. Collen B, Turvey ST, Waterman C, et al. Investing in evolutionary history: Implementing a phylogenetic approach for mammal conservation. Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci. 2011; 366: 2611–2622. https://doi. org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0109 PMID: 21844040 15. Purvis A, Agapow P, Gittleman JL, et al. Nonrandom extinction and the loss of evolutionary history. Sciecne. 2000; 288: 328–330. 16. Rosauer DF, Mooers AO. Nurturing the use of evolutionary diversity in nature conservation. Trends Ecol Evol. 2013; 28: 322–323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2013.01.014 PMID: 23433638

17. Waldron A, Mooers AO, Miller DC, et al. Targeting global conservation funding to limit immediate biodi- versity declines. PNAS. 2013; 110: 1–3. https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.p69t1 18. Myers N, Mittermeier RA, Mittermeier CG, et al. Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature. 2000; 403: 853–858. https://doi.org/10.1038/35002501 PMID: 10706275 19. Hughes TP, Bellwood DR, Connolly SR. Biodiversity hotspots, centres of endemicity, and the conserva- tion of coral reefs. Ecol Lett. 2002; 5: 775–784. 20. UNEP-WCMC, IUCN. Marine Protected Planet. In: Cambridge, UK [Internet]. 2020. Available: www. protectedplanet.net 21. Zero draft of the post-2020 global biodiversity framework. 2020; 1–14. 22. Orme CDL, Davies RG, Burgess M, et al. Global hotspots of species richness are not congruent with endemism or threat. Nature. 2005; 436: 1016–1019. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03850 PMID: 16107848 23. Grenyer R, Orme CDL, Jackson SF, et al. Global distribution and conservation of rare and threatened vertebrates. Nature. 2006; 444: 93–96. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05237 PMID: 17080090 24. Pressey RL, Cabeza M, Watts ME, et al. Conservation planning in a changing world. Trends Ecol Evol. 2007; 22: 583–592. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2007.10.001 PMID: 17981360 25. Dulvy NK, Fowler SL, Musick JA, et al. Extinction risk and conservation of the world’s sharks and rays. Elife. 2014; 3: 1–34. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.00590.001 PMID: 24448405 26. Walls RH, Dulvy NK. Eliminating the dark matter of Data Deficiency by predicting the conservation sta-

tus of Northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea sharks and rays. Biol Conserv. 2020; 246: 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108459 27. Stein R, Mull C, Kuhn T, et al. Global priorities for conserving the evolutionary history of sharks, rays, and chimaeras. Nat Ecol Evol. 2017; 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-016-0001 28. Pardo SA, Kindsvater HK, Reynolds JD, et al. Maximum intrinsic rate of population increase in sharks, rays, and chimaeras: The importance of survival to maturity. Can J Fish Aquat Sci. 2016; 73: 1159– 1163. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2016-0069 29. Pardo SA, Kindsvater HK, Cuevas-Zimbro´ n E, et al. Growth, productivity, and relative extinction risk of a data-sparse devil ray. Sci Rep. 2016; 6: 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-016-0001-8 30. Hutchings JA, Myers RA, Garcia VB, et al. Life-history correlates of extinction risk and recovery poten- tial. Ecol Appl. 2012; 22: 1061–1067. https://doi.org/10.1890/11-1313.1 PMID: 22827118 31. Davidson LNK, Krawchuk MA, Dulvy NK. Why have global shark and ray landings declined: Improved management or overfishing? Fish Fish. 2016; 17: 438–458. https://doi.org/10.1111/faf.12119 32. Prendergas JR, Quinn RM, Lawton JH, et al. Rare species, the coincidence of diversity hotspots and conservation strategies. Lett to Nat. 1993; 365: 335–337. 33. Williams P, Gibbons D, Margules C, et al. A comparison of richness hotspots, rarity hotspots, and com- plementary areas for conserving diversity of British birds. Conserv Biol. 1996; 10: 155–174. PLOS ONE

Spatially congruent sites of importance for global shark and ray biodiversity PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0235559 July 6, 2020 17 / 19

34. Davidson LNK, Dulvy NK. Global marine protected areas to prevent extinctions. Nat Ecol Evol. 2017; 1: 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-016-0001 35. Earth Natural. Free vector and raster map data. 2018. Available: naturalearthdata.com 36. Redding DW, Hartmann K, Mimoto A, et al. Evolutionarily distinctive species often capture more phylo- genetic diversity than expected. J Theor Biol. 2008; 251: 606–615. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2007. 12.006 PMID: 18313078 37. Redding DW, Mooers AO. Incorporating evolutionary measures into conservation prioritization. Con- serv Biol. 2006; 20: 1670–1678. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00555.x PMID: 17181802 38. Davidson AD, Boyer AG, Kim H, et al. Drivers and hotspots of extinction risk in marine mammals. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012; 109: 3395–3400. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1121469109 PMID: 22308490 39. Pompa S, Ehrlich PR, Ceballos G. Global distribution and conservation of marine mammals. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011; 108: 13600–13605. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1101525108 PMID: 21808012 40. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. In: 2011.1 [Internet]. Available: http://www.iucnredlist.org 41. Myers N. The biodiversity challenges: expanded hot-spots analysis. Environmentalist. 1990; 10: 243– 256. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02239720 PMID: 12322583 42. Bibby C., et al. Bird conservation: putting biodiversity on the map: priority areas for global conservation. Int Counc Bird Preserv. 1992; 8: 37. https://doi.org/10.11647/OBP.0060 43. (ESRI) ESRI. ArcGIS Pro Desktop. Redlands, CA; 2019.

44. Team RC. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R foundation for statistical computing.; 2019. Available: http://www.r-project.org/index.html 45. R Studio Team. RStudio: Integrated development for R. Boston, MA: RStudio Inc.; 2018. Available: http://www.rstudio.com 46. Ku¨ per W, Sommer JH, Lovett JC, et al. Africa’s hotspots of biodiversity redefined. 2004; 91: 525–535. 47. Trebilco R, Halpern BS, Flemming JM, et al. Mapping species richness and human impact drivers to inform global pelagic conservation prioritisation. Biol Conserv. 2011; 144: 1758–1766. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.biocon.2011.02.024 48. Mizrahi M, Duce S, Pressey RL, et al. Global opportunities and challenges for shark large marine pro- tected areas. Biol Conserv. 2019; 234: 107–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2019.03.026 49. MacKeracher T, Diedrich A, Simpfendorfer CA. Sharks, rays and marine protected areas: A critical eval- uation of current perspectives. Fish Fish. 2018; 255–267. https://doi.org/10.1111/faf.12337 50. Dwyer RG, Krueck NC, Udyawer V, et al. Individual and population benefits of marine reserves for reef sharks. Curr Biol. 2020; 30: 480–489.e5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2019.12.005 PMID: 31983638 51. Jetz W, Rahbek C, Colwell RK. The coincidence of rarity and richness and the potential signature of his- tory in centres of endemism. Ecol Lett. 2004; 7: 1180–1191. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2004. 00678.x 52. Siqueira AC, Oliveira-Santos LGR, Cowman PF, et al. Evolutionary processes underlying latitudinal dif-

ferences in reef fish biodiversity. Glob Ecol Biogeogr. 2016; 25: 1466–1476. https://doi.org/10.1111/ geb.12506 53. Kiessling W, Simpson C, Foote M. Reefs as cradles of evolution and sources of biodiversity in the phan- erozoic. Science (80-). 2010; 327: 196–198. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1182241 PMID: 20056888 54. Ferretti F, Worm B, Britten GL, et al. Patterns and ecosystem consequences of shark declines in the ocean. Ecol Lett. 2010; 13: 1055–1071. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01489.x PMID: 20528897 55. Jetz W, Rahbek C. Geometric constraints explain much of the species richness pattern in African birds. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001; 98: 5661–5666. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.091100998 PMID: 11344307 56. Collingham YC, Wadsworth RA, Huntley B, et al. Predicting the spatial distribution of non-indigenous riparian weeds: Issues of spatial scale and extent. J Appl Ecol. 2000; 37: 13–27. https://doi.org/10. 1046/j.1365-2664.2000.00556.x 57. Larsen FW, Rahbek C. The influence of spatial grain size on the suitability of the higher-taxon approach in continental priority-setting. Anim Conserv. 2005; 8: 389–396. https://doi.org/10.1017/ S1367943005002362 58. Shriner SA, Wilson KR, Flather CH. Reserve networks based on richness hotspots and representation vary with scale. Ecol Appl. 2006; 16: 1660–1673. https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2006)016[1660: rnborh]2.0.co;2 PMID: 17069361 PLOS ONE Spatially congruent sites of importance for global shark and ray biodiversity PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0235559 July 6, 2020 18 / 19

59. Arponen A, Lehtoma¨ki J, Leppa¨nen J, et al. Effects of connectivity and spatial resolution of analyses on conservation prioritization across large extents. Conserv Biol. 2012; 26: 294–304. https://doi.org/10. 1111/j.1523-1739.2011.01814.x PMID: 22268786 60. Rondinini C, Chiozza F. Quantitative methods for defining percentage area targets for habitat types in conservation planning. Biol Conserv. 2010; 143: 1646–1653. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2010.03. 037 61. Di Marco M, Watson JEM, Possingham HP, et al. Limitations and trade-offs in the use of species distri- bution maps for protected area planning. J Appl Ecol. 2017; 54: 402–411. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365- 2664.12771 62. Rondinini C, Wilson KA, Boitani L, et al. Tradeoffs of different types of species occurrence data for use in systematic conservation planning. Ecol Lett. 2006; 9: 1136–1145. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461- 0248.2006.00970.x PMID: 16972877 63. Kesner-Reyes K, Kaschner K, Kullander S, et al. AquaMaps: Algorithm and data sources for aquatic organisms. In: Froese R. and Pauly D. Editors. 2012. Fishbase. World Wide Web electronic publication. www.fishbase.org. version (04/2012). Available: http://www.marine.csiro.au/csquares/ 64. Dulvy NK, Davidson LNK, Kyne PM, et al. Ghosts of the coast: Global extinction risk and conservation of sawfishes. Aquat Conserv Mar Freshw Ecosyst. 2016; 26: 134–153. https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc. 2525 65. Lawson JM, Pollom RP, Gordon C, et al. Global extinction risk and conservation of Critically Endan-