Spatially congruent sites of importance for global shark and ray biodiversity

finding of high congruency is supported by the suggestion that areas of high total species rich- ness tend to be made-up of wide-ranging species, a characteristic commonly found in evolu- tionarily distinct species [9]. It is also potentially of little surprise that ED species overlap highly with total species richness because sharks and rays are one of the most evolutionarily diverse species groups with the average species embodying over 26 million years of shared unique evolutionary history [27]. Furthermore, until the last decade, it was believed that areas of high total species richness harboured both a high number of endemic and threatened spe- cies for two reasons: (1) those areas experience greater levels of threatening processes such habitat transformation and exploitation, and (2) they are likely to be inhabited by species that are on average at a greater risk to these threatening processes [1,51]. More recently however, Orme et al. [22] demonstrated weak relationships of congruence between threat and total spe- cies richness from terrestrial avian fauna, further highlighting the necessity of using different types of species richness measures to identify important areas for biodiversity conservation Fig 5. (a) Spatial congruence between threatened global hotspots (defined at richest 5% of grid cells) of three species richness measures: total species (purple), evolutionarily distinct (ED) species (green), and endemic species (red). Spatial congruence between hotspots derived for all three measures are represented by

orange cells. Map insets highlighting specific areas of overlap (b) southern Brazil and Uruguay, (c) parts of South Africa, (d) Taiwan, and (e) eastern Australia. Areas of overlap between total species richness and ED species richness are in blue. Grid cell resolution is 1˚. The data used for this figure under CC BY license is granted permission from the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), original copyright 2011. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0235559.g005 Fig 6. Spatially congruent areas between biodiversity hotspots derived from different species richness measures represented as the richest 5% of grid all cells. Spatially congruent areas between total species, evolutionarily distinct (ED) species, and endemic species at resolution levels of (a) 1˚, (b) 4˚, and (c) 8˚, and (d-f) congruent areas for the threatened species subsets at each corresponding resolution level. The data used for this figure under CC BY license is granted permission from the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), original copyright 2011. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0235559.g006 PLOS ONE Spatially congruent sites of importance for global shark and ray biodiversity PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0235559 July 6, 2020 11 / 19