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Heat stress reduces growth rate of red deer calf: Climate warming implications

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was (estimate = 0.003; se = 0.001; p = 0.009; Fig 3), this effect was stronger in males than in females (male estimate: 0.003; se = 0.001; p = 0.034; Table 4). Wind speed had a small additive negative effect on male growth, though this was not corroborated by p-value significance (male estimate: -0.02; se = 0.001; p = 0.070, Fig 3). Table 4. Coefficients and statistics of an exponential asymptotic mixed linear model on calf weight (kg) controlling for animal and climatic variables. Female is the sex level of reference. Acronyms as in Table 2. Random effects model 0 model 1 model 2 model 3 model 4 model 5 model 6 model 7 final model Groups (sd) Asym intercept calf cohort 5.33 5.33 5.28 5.27 4.93 4.94 4.93 4.92 5.24 Asym intercept mother 5.79 5.84 5.71 5.73 5.39 5.38 5.37 5.39 5.72 Asym intercept calf 7.94 7.92 7.78 7.78 7.33 7.33 7.32 7.31 7.76 Residual 1.41 1.41 1.40 1.40 1.40 1.40 1.40 1.40 1.40 Fixed effects estimate se df t-value P Asym intercept Y ��� Y ��� Y ��� Y ��� Y ��� Y ��� Y ��� Y ��� 66.68 9.44 8653 7.06 0 Asym mother wt Y ��� Y ��� Y ��� Y ��� Y ��� Y ��� Y ��� Y ��� 0.26 0.02 8653 9.81 0 Asym sex (male) Y ��� Y � Y � Y ��� Y ��� Y � Y � Y 20.29 6.26 8653 3.24 0.0012 Asym mother age (yr) Y ��� Y ��� Y ��� Y ��� Y ��� Y ��� Y ��� Y ��� -0.67 0.13 8653 -4.79 0 Asym calf age (d) Y �� Y �� Y �� Y �� Y ��� Y ��� Y ��� Y ��� -0.15 0.05 8653 -2.92 0.0035 Asym T Y ��� Y ��� Y Y Y Y Y Y 0.006 0.11 8653 0.05 0.9595

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Asym Hr — — Y ��� Y � Y Y Y Y -0.09 0.04 8653 -2.33 0.0194 Asym SR — — — — Y �� Y Y Y — — — — — Asym W — — — — — — Y Y + 0.41 0.39 8653 1.05 0.2931 Asym T x sex (male) — Y �� Y � Y Y Y Y Y -0.06 0.15 8653 -0.40 0.6841 Asym Hr x sex (male) — — — Y �� Y �� Y + Y + Y -0.14 0.05 8653 -2.58 0.0098 Asym SR x sex (male) — — — — — Y Y Y — — — — — Asym W x sex (male) — — — — — — — Y ��� — — — — — R0 intercept Y ��� Y ��� Y ��� Y ��� Y ��� Y ��� Y ��� Y ��� 5.78 0.62 8653 9.26 0 R0 mother wt Y ��� Y ��� Y ��� Y ��� Y ��� Y ��� Y ��� Y ��� 0.02 0.003 8653 8.60 0 R0 sex (male) Y ��� Y ��� Y ��� Y ��� Y ��� Y ��� Y ��� Y ��� 0.68 0.07 8653 8.75 0 R0 mother age (yr) Y ��� Y ��� Y ��� Y ��� Y ��� Y ��� Y ��� Y ��� 0.05 0.01 8653 5.37 0 R0 calf age (d) Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y -0.003 0.004 8653 -0.75 0.4475 lrc intercept Y ��� Y ��� Y ��� Y ��� Y ��� Y ��� Y ��� Y ��� -4.69 0.17 8653 -26.71 0 lrc mother wt Y � Y � Y + Y + Y + Y + Y + Y -0.001 0.001 8653 -1.82 0.0675 lrc sex (male) Y Y Y Y + Y + Y Y Y -0.25 0.15 8653 -1.64 0.1009 lrc mother age (yr) Y ��� Y ��� Y ��� Y ��� Y ��� Y ��� Y ��� Y ��� 0.009 0.002 8653 4.37 0 lrc calf age (d) Y + Y + Y � Y � Y � Y � Y � Y � -0.002 0.001 8653 -2.08 0.0374 lrc T Y ��� Y ��� Y Y � Y Y Y Y -0.006 0.003 8653 -1.92 0.0544 lrc Hr — — Y ��� Y � Y Y Y Y 0.003 0.001 8653 2.61 0.0089

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lrc SR — — — — Y ��� Y �� Y � Y � — — — — — lrc W — — — — — — Y Y -0.02 0.001 8653 -1.81 0.0697 lrc T x sex (male) — Y + Y + Y Y Y Y Y 0.002 0.004 8653 0.51 0.6085 lrc Hr x sex (male) — — — Y � Y � Y Y Y 0.003 0.001 8653 2.12 0.034 lrc SR x sex (male) — — — — — Y Y Y — — — — — lrc W x sex (male) — — — — — — — Y � — — — — — AIC 35380.4 35375.7 35353.9 35350.2 35364.8 35367.3 35364.0 35355.0 35346.4 ΔAIC 33.9 29.3 7.5 3.8 18.4 20.9 17.6 8.6 0 weights AIC 3.52E-08 3.64E-07 1.94E-02 1.22E-01 8.33E-05 2.42E-05 1.25E-04 0.01 0.85 Kullback–Leibler 0.91 0.99 0.86 0.00 0.22 0.83 0.98 0.98 — https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0233809.t004 PLOS ONE Heat stress and calf growth in red deer PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0233809 June 1, 2020 10 / 26