Fertilization using manure minimizes the trade-offs between biodiversity and forage production in agri-environment scheme grasslands

Supporting information S1 Data. (XLSX) S1 File. Fertilization by manure minimizes the trade-offs between biodiversity and forage production in agri-environment scheme grasslands. (PDF) S2 File. (R) Acknowledgments We would like to thank Natural England for permission to use their site for fieldwork, espe- cially the managers of Ingleborough National Nature Reserve, C. Newlands and A. Hinde. We are grateful to J. Deeming, M. Pavett R. Barnett, E. Clare and C. Godfray for helping in insect identification, E. Grount for field assistance and J. Martinez-Zavaleta for lab assistance. The original manuscript was improved thanks to comments by T. Timberlake and R. Marrs. We are grateful to R. Bardgett for providing information on soil fertility and advice. Author Contributions Conceptualization: Edith Villa-Galaviz, Simon M. Smart, Jane Memmott. Data curation: Edith Villa-Galaviz, Susan E. Ward. Formal analysis: Edith Villa-Galaviz, Simon M. Smart. Funding acquisition: Simon M. Smart, Jane Memmott. Investigation: Susan E. Ward. Methodology: Edith Villa-Galaviz, Simon M. Smart, Susan E. Ward, Mariecia D. Fraser. Resources: Susan E. Ward. Supervision: Simon M. Smart, Jane Memmott. Validation: Mariecia D. Fraser. Visualization: Edith Villa-Galaviz, Simon M. Smart. Writing – original draft: Edith Villa-Galaviz. Writing – review & editing: Edith Villa-Galaviz, Simon M. Smart, Susan E. Ward, Mariecia D. Fraser, Jane Memmott. References 1. Sa´ nchez-Bayo F, Wyckhuys KAG. Worldwide decline of the entomofauna: A review of its drivers. Biol

Conserv. 2019; 232: 8–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2019.01.020 2. Ollerton J, Winfree R, Tarrant S. How many flowering plants are pollinated by animals? Oikos. 2011; 120: 321–326. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0706.2010.18644.x. 3. Allinson J, Natural England, Garratt MPD, Breeze TD, Boreux V, Fountain MT, et al. Bee declines driven by combined stress from parasites, pesticides, and lack of flowers. Nature. 2016; 11: 1351–1363. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0153889 4. Losey JE, Vaughan M. The Economic Value of Ecological Services Provided by Insects. Bioscience. 2006; 56: 311–323. https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2006)56[311:TEVOES]2.0.CO;2 PLOS ONE Manure minimizes trade-offs between biodiversity and forage production in agri-environment scheme PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0290843 October 4, 2023 15 / 18