Shifts in biodiversity and physical structure of seagrass beds across 5 decades at Carriacou, Grenadines

33. Alvarez-Filip L, Dulvy NK, Gill JA, Coˆ te´ IM, Watkinson AR. Flattening of Caribbean coral reefs: region- wide declines in architectural complexity. Proc Biol Sci. 2009; 276: 3019–3025. https://doi.org/10.1098/ rspb.2009.0339 PMID: 19515663 34. Harris DL, Rovere A, Casella E, Power H, Canavesio R, Collin A, et al. Coral reef structural complexity provides important coastal protection from waves under rising sea levels. Sci Adv. 2018; 4:eaao4350. https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.aao4350 PMID: 29503866 35. Patriquin D. “Migration” of blowouts in seagrass beds at Barbados and Carriacou, West Indies, and its ecological and geological implications. Aquat Bot. 1975; 1:163–89. Available from: https://dalspace. library.dal.ca/handle/10222/81281 36. Scheibling RE, Patriquin DG, Filbee-Dexter K. Distribution and abundance of the invasive seagrass Halophila stipulacea and associated benthic macrofauna in Carriacou, Grenadines, Eastern Caribbean. Aquat Bot. 2018; 144: 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquabot.2017.10.003 37. Kramer P, Dowksza E. Coral reefs of Carriacou Island, Grenadines, Grenada: Assessment of condition and key threats. Proceedings of the Carriacou AGRRA training and reef assessment, Carriacou Island, Grenadines. The Nature Conservancy; 2005; 18–25. Available from: https://www.agrra.org/wp- content/uploads/2016/05/GRENADA-AGRRA-TNC-06-FINAL.pdf 38. Gardner TA, Coˆte´ IM, Gill JA, Grant A, Watkinson AR. Long-term region-wide declines in Caribbean corals. Science. 2003; 301: 958–960. https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1086050 PMID: 12869698

39. Cramer KL, Donovan MK, Jackson JB, Greenstein BJ, Korpanty CA, Cook GM, et al. The transforma- tion of Caribbean coral communities since humans. Ecol Evol. 2021; 11: 10098–10118. https://doi.org/ 10.1002/ece3.7808 PMID: 34367562 40. Patriquin DG. The origin of nitrogen and phosphorus for growth of the marine angiosperm Thalassia tes- tudinum Konig. PhD Thesis, McGill University. 1971. Available from: https://escholarship.mcgill.ca/ concern/theses/6h440t20n 41. Gatti G, Bianchi CN, Parravicini V, Rovere A, Peirano A, Montefalcone M, et al. Ecological change, slid- ing baselines and the importance of historical data: Lessons from combining observational and quantita- tive data on a temperate reef over 70 years. PLoS ONE 2015; 10(2): e0118581. https://doi.org/10. 1371/journal.pone.0118581 PMID: 25714413 42. Keddy PA. Quantifying within-lake gradients of wave energy: interrelationships of wave energy, sub- strate particle size and shoreline plants in Axe Lake, Ontario. Aquatic Bot. 1982; 14:41–58. https:// www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0304377082900857 43. Krumhansl KA, Scheibling RE. Detrital production in Nova Scotian kelp beds: patterns and processes. Mar Ecol Prog Ser. 2011. 421: 67–82. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps08905 44. Ferna´ ndez-Lo´pez J, Schliep K. rWind: download, edit and include wind data in ecological and evolution- ary analysis. Ecography. 2019. 42: 804–810. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ecog.03730 45. Hart RE, Evans JL. A climatology of the extratropical transition of Atlantic tropical cyclones. J Clim.

2001; 14: 546–564. https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/clim/14/4/1520-0442_2001_014_0546_ acotet_2.0.co_2.xml 46. Clack WJF. Recent carbonate reef sedimentation off the east coast of Carriacou, West Indies. PhD the- sis, McGill University. 1976. Available from: https://escholarship.mcgill.ca/downloads/zp38wd57v 47. Clack WJF, Mountjoy EW. Reef sediment transport and deposition off the east coast of Carriacou, W.I. In: Taylor DL, editor. Proc 3rd Int Coral Reef Symp. University of Miami; 1977; II Geology: 97–105. 48. Taylor WR. Marine Algae of the Eastern Tropical and Subtropical Coasts of the Americas. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press; 1960 49. Patriquin D. Estimation of growth rate, production and age of the marine angiosperm Thalassia testudi- num Konig. Carib J Sci. 1973; 13:1–2 50. Anderson MJ. A new method for non-parametric multivariate analysis of variance. Austral Ecol. 2001; 26: 32–46. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1442-9993.2001.01070.pp.x 51. Anderson MJ, Gorley RN, Clarke KR. PERMANOVA+ for PRIMER: Guide to Software and Statistical Methods. Plymouth: PRIMER-E. Ltd.; 2008 52. Santos RO, Lirman D, Pittman SJ. Long-term spatial dynamics in vegetated seascapes: fragmentation and habitat loss in a human-impacted subtropical lagoon. Mar Ecol. 2016; 37: 200–214. https://doi.org/ 10.1111/maec.12259 53. Bove CB, Mudge L, Bruno JF. A century of warming on Caribbean reefs. PLOS Clim. 2022. 1: e0000002. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000002

54. Cazenave A, Palanisamy H, Ablain M. Contemporary sea level changes from satellite altimetry: What have we learned? What are the new challenges? Advan Space Res. 2018; 62: 1639–1653. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.asr.2018.07.017 PLOS ONE Seagrass bed biodiversity and structure and across 5 decades PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0306897 August 1, 2024 23 / 25