Wind disasters adaptation in cities in a changing climate: A systematic review

Each piece of literature was presented with the topics and corresponding possibilities. The topic with the highest possibility was regarded as the final topic of that literature. We ran the model repeatedly, varying the number of topics from three to thirty-two, and compared the meaningfulness of topics. Finally, the meaning of each topic was organized by authors subjectively. Text analysis was carried out simultaneously with the establishment of the topic modeling. We referred to the fifth Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report [51] to group adaptation measures into three categories and ten subcategories. Information about cit- ies and adaptation measures was identified via manual read-through of publications. We designed a template for filling in the targeted information (S2 Appendix). 232 articles were selected (S1 Table). There was a total of 221 articles downloaded with abstracts. The earliest literature available can be traced back to 1991, followed by a more than ten-year development stagnation (Fig 1). It was not until 2007 that the annual number of pub- lications about wind disaster adaptation in cities started to show an increasing trend, albeit at a slow pace. This is understandable since adaptation measures taken by developed countries were still very limited even in 2011 [32]. Results and discussion Statistics of the literature corpus Fig 2 shows the steps of establishing the corpus. 87% of the literature consists of academic arti- cles (total of 202), accompanied by very few conference proceedings and reports. The inherent

characteristics of WoS and Scopus determine such distribution of literature types [41]. Case studies make up most of the academic articles. We retrieved the names of all cities that were studied in the literature and the frequency that cities were mentioned and formed a map dis- playing the geographical distribution of these cities (Fig 3). We find that the cities under study are concentrated mostly in the continents of the Northern Hemisphere, such as East Asia, South Asia, and North America containing most cities. There is a prominent research bias towards NYC, which has been mentioned 38 times in total. The topography and coastal prox- imity of NYC make it more vulnerable to wind disasters, which may trigger other extreme events such as floods [52]. As a megacity, NYC is appropriate for city-level case studies. The well-developed social systems in NYC may play a role in providing relevant research with abundant data and sufficient funding. Most importantly, the sudden shock of Hurricane Fig 1. The number of annual publications between 1990 and 2019. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248503.g001 PLOS ONE Review on wind adaptation in cities PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248503 March 17, 2021 5 / 26