Wind disasters adaptation in cities in a changing climate: A systematic review

Africa and Latin America, 55.6% in East Asia, 60% in North America, and 50% in South Asia and Oceania. We extracted the statistics of adaptation measures based on categories and subcategories for the nine most frequently mentioned cities (Fig 7). Structural and physical measures remain the highest occurring measures, followed by social measures and institutional measures. Adap- tation measures related to these nine cities are responsible for nearly 65% of the total, 67.4% for structural and physical ones, 60% for social ones, and 68.2% for institutional ones. NYC is most studied in terms of wind adaptation measures, with relevance to 134 measures. Therein, 55 are from structural/ physical ones, 52 from social ones, and 27 from institutional ones. The focus of wind adaptation measures in NYC is on informational measures, technological inno- vation, services, educational measures, and government policies and programs. New Orleans’s related adaptation measures are second only to NYC, a total of 60. Government policies and programs, technological innovation, services, and informational measures are the most popu- lar ones for the city. NYC and New Orleans have far more numbers of adaptation measures than other cities. Meanwhile, they are the only two cities that have covered all types of adapta- tion measures. There are no related measures of laws and regulations found for Hong Kong, Houston, and Tacloban in the dataset. Apart from laws and regulations, Shanghai is not con- nected to behavioral measures as well. Galveston is found to have the least subcategories of

adaptation measures in the dataset. Conclusion We reviewed open access literature published in Web of Science and Scopus between 1900 and 2019 that discussed adaptation to wind-related disasters in cities. We conducted LDA and full- text review to discover major contents, focal cities, and popular adaptation measures in wind Fig 7. The total amount and distribution of different adaptation measures in seven high-frequency cities. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248503.g007 PLOS ONE Review on wind adaptation in cities PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248503 March 17, 2021 14 / 26