Wind disasters adaptation in cities in a changing climate: A systematic review

followed by social measures (37.3%) and institutional measures (20.5%). The structural and physical category includes subcategories of engineered measures and built environment reno- vation (35), technological innovation (85), ecosystem-based actions (24), and services (37). The total number of measures amounts to 181. 160 adaptation measures belong to the social category, which was further grouped into subcategories such as educational (30), informa- tional (101), and behavioral (29) measures. Institutional measures are composed of economic activities (25), laws and regulations (12), and government policies and programs (51). Infor- mational action is the sub-category of the highest frequency, followed by technological innova- tion. Laws and regulations are the least favorite subcategory which has only 12 relevant adaptation measures. Due to the extremely small number of adaptation measures connected with the specific city, we counted the number of different types of adaptation measures according to seven regions to which cities belong (Fig 6). The total number of adaptation measures varies greatly between these regions. It ranges from 219 in North America (51%) to just 5 in the Middle East (1.2%). Cities located in North America and Asia are more positively related to adaptation to wind hazards while those in Africa and the Middle East are in the initial stages of studying adaptation measures. Structural and physical adaptation measures are the most adopted types in East Asia, Latin America, Middle East, North America, and South Asia & Oceania, in com-

pliance with the statistical results throughout all regions. In Africa and Europe, social measures exceed structural and physical ones. All ten subcategories of adaptation measures are included in studies in East Asia, Europe, North America, and South Asia & Oceania. Adaptation mea- sures in Africa cover four subcategories while the Middle East covers two. Technological inno- vations and informational adaptation are the only two types studied by cities in all regions. Technological innovations dominate structural and physical measures in all regions, the per- centage is 100% in Africa and the Middle East, 42.3% in East Asia, 57.1% in Europe and Latin America, 43% in North America, and 44.8% in South Asia and Oceania. Informational adapta- tion is currently prevailing among social measures. It accounts for 80% in Africa and Europe, 61.9% in East Asia, 77.8% in Latin America, 100% in the Middle East, 59.3% in North America, and 55.6% in Asia and Oceania. Government policies and programs share the highest percent- age among institutional measures in all regions except Europe (one less than economic ones) and the Middle East (none). The corresponding proportion within the category is 100% in Fig 6. The total amount and distribution of different adaptation measures in seven regions. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248503.g006 PLOS ONE Review on wind adaptation in cities PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248503 March 17, 2021 13 / 26