Wind disasters adaptation in cities in a changing climate: A systematic review

Topics related to cities. We combined topics and cities to present topics that cities are focusing on (Fig 5). NYC was mentioned most frequently for 38 times, almost three times than that of New Orleans (14). Generally, the more often one city is covered in literature, the more diverse topics are related to that city. Yet, it is not the case for Shanghai and Tacloban. NYC is the only one connected to all nine topics, followed by New Orleans, which correlates to seven topics. The remaining cities are related to two to four topics except for Galveston, which relates to topic 9 only. The number of topics does not distribute evenly within cities. In addition to Galveston, the health impacts of wind-related disasters were the most discussed topic among NYC (13), New Orleans (5), and Hong Kong (3). It is also the topic that correlates with most cities and the topic of highest frequency (26) among nine cities. Although the topic of recovery processes also includes seven cities, its frequency (9) is much lower than that of health impacts. On average, one specific topic is only connected to half of the high-frequency cities. Analysis on adaptation measures According to IPCC, adaptation measures are divided into three categories and ten subcatego- ries [51]. We counted the number of adaptation measures for each category and subcategory (Table 2). Structural and physical adaptation measures (42.2%) are most frequently mentioned, Fig 5. The distribution of topics within high-frequency cities. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248503.g005

Table 2. Number of adaptation measures grouped by categories and subcategories in the literature corpus. Category Subcategory Number of Documents Number of Documents within Category Structural and physical Engineered and built environment 35 181 Technological 85 Ecosystem 24 Services 37 Social Educational 30 160 Informational 101 Behavioral 29 Institutional Economic 25 88 Laws and regulations 12 Gov. policies and programs 51 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248503.t002 PLOS ONE Review on wind adaptation in cities PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248503 March 17, 2021 12 / 26