Wind disasters adaptation in cities in a changing climate: A systematic review

Orleans after Hurricane Katrina [153]. Articles sorted out hurricanes that had struck the city and the city’s development of adaptation [154], especially for Hurricane Katrina and the reconstruction period after it [155, 156]. The city was faced with difficulties attracting out- flowed businesses after the disaster [157]. The factors that influence businesses to make recov- ery decisions were studied in NYC after Hurricane Sandy [158]. Apart from resettlement, other post-disaster actions, such as responses to Cholera after Cyclone Kenneth [159], and plans for improving water security and sanitation after Typhoon Haiyan [160], were also mentioned. The topic of human responses covers several types of measures for cities and their residents to respond to wind hazards, especially to hurricanes. First, cities respond to hazards through evaluating risks, reducing vulnerabilities, and building resilience [161–165]. Second, estimates on total death during or after hurricanes are made to help provide adequate support to vulner- able populations [166, 167]. Finally, humans respond to wind disasters by evacuation [168] or by resettling [169]. Evidence implies that humans have a tendency to settle in disaster-prone areas [170], therefore research on human mobility is important for planning evacuations. Studies have shown that human mobility is resilient to wind hazards of certain intensity [171], and it complies with the power-law [171–173]. Data derived from social media such as Twitter is used for analyzing mobility patterns [171, 172, 174] and for evaluating economic damages

[175]. Research contents of articles under this topic are closely linked to those under topic 7 which discussed the reconstruction of cities [176–178] and recovery of markets [179] since respondence can often occur after disasters. Topic 7 and 8 reveal that households and businesses usually respond to wind disasters by evacuation and resettlement. Human mobility patterns are studied to support the making of evacuation plans. There are also studies working on factors that influence resettlement deci- sions to assist cities in reconstruction and attracting households and businesses back in the recovery process. Health impacts. Scientists have identified that the elderly are more vulnerable to climate- related stressors [180], though they tend to be better prepared for disasters than young people [181]. A lot of articles are trying to estimate the health risks of the older population [182] and their vulnerability [180] when exposed to natural disasters. Some articles capture mental dis- eases such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and stress after hurricanes [183, 184] A few of these articles focus on the elder people [185, 186]. West et al. [187], Grueb- ner et al. [188], and Lee et al. [189] analyzed the geographical distribution and clusters of the population prone to negative health impacts of hurricanes while Gruebner et al. [190] studied the spatial patterns of vulnerability and resilience factors. Many articles studied social factors influencing the resilience of mental illness, such as being a member of a community [183] or

having prior experience of natural disasters [191–193]. In addition to psychological health, there are articles discussing asthma among children and the effectiveness of interventions by providing consultations [194, 195]. Toner et al. summarized a series of adaptation actions to health impacts from Hurricane Sandy [196]. Specific adaptation measures such as community support for asthma after Hurricane Ike [187], stepped care and usual care for PTSD [197], health care for evacuees during Hurricane Katrina [198], and application of the Geographic Information System (GIS) in adapting emergency shelters to various hazards are covered in different articles [199]. Articles under this topic largely used methods such as literature research (e.g. [196]), telephone interview (e.g. [200]), face-to-face interview (e.g. [191]), and questionnaires (e.g. [184]). Few articles studied the health impacts of wind disasters on humans. There is an obvious research bias towards psychological problems over physical harms resulted from hurricanes. PLOS ONE Review on wind adaptation in cities PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248503 March 17, 2021 11 / 26