Wind disasters adaptation in cities in a changing climate: A systematic review

develop the city-level flood risk index from a vulnerability and hazard perspective [110–112]. However, mapping without indicators is also possible. For example, Peng et al. mapped the flood extent for Houston and Lumberton with spectral reflectance images from satellites [113]. Apart from flood risks, there are also multi-hazard assessments that incorporate floods with other risks such as heat waves [114]. Further studies could be conducted by making use of the results from flood mapping. For example, flood risk mapping and social indicators are com- bined to examine the most exposed population [115]. Another example is that flood mapping is used to study the relationship between flood and land subsidence [116]. Damages on the systems, such as the traffic system, in cities are among the points of atten- tion. Takayasu et al. generally introduced the simulation of road traffic against disasters such as cyclones [117]. Kontou et al. [118] and Zhong et al. [119] discussed impacts of hurricanes on the road traffic and traveling time in NYC with the help of big data derived from the move- ment of vehicles. Donovan et al. quantified the resilience of the traffic system in the city and demonstrated the severe traffic jam after Hurricane Sandy [120] while Zhu et al. modeled the recovery patterns of the traffic system after Sandy struck the city [121]. Some articles studied the resilience and fragility of the electric power system [122, 123]. In addition to single network analysis, articles were combing two or more networks to stress the interdependency of systems

and cascading damages of disasters [124, 125]. The overall impacts resulted from wind-related disasters, such as typhoons, dust storms, and sandstorms could also be assessed by models [126, 127], regardless of poor data availability [128]. Apart from estimating the consequential impacts, models are useful in simulating and forecasting storm surges. Hurricane and cyclone-induced storm surges will increase the destructions of wind disasters [129]. When combined with sea-level rise, storm surges contrib- ute to a dramatic increase in frequencies of extreme floods that threaten the security of the city [130]. Simulations with hydrodynamic models have focused on storm surges [131], and the resulting extreme waves [132, 133], water level increments, and flood events [134, 135]. These simulations play an important role in depicting and informing the risks that cities are facing, and thus are of great help in preparing cities for potential disasters through adaptation [134]. Additionally, model simulation is useful in better designing or choosing adaptation measures by simulating functions of controlling processes [136] and effects of adaptive actions [137]. The model forecasting range from indicators such as wind speed [138] and water level [139] to events such as dust storms [140], cyclones [141], and floods [142]. Forecasting is indispensable to alarm approaching disasters, and it allows more time for people to evacuate from dangerous zones, thus avoiding unnecessary losses of human lives. In brief, both direct damages from wind disasters and indirect damages from secondary

events such as storm surges and floods were covered. Network analysis was performed to track the performance of urban systems, especially the traffic system. Models have been developed and applied in assessing risks, simulating impacts, and forecasting future disasters to support adaptation decisions in a visualized way. Response and recovery. Resettlement of impacted population and rebuilding of houses are the foci during the recovery period after tropical storms, hurricanes, and related floods. There are articles introducing the modification of houses [143], the inadequate support from local governments [144] and incompatibility of supply and demand [145], interactions of stakeholders during the processes [146], as well as the necessity to adapt recovery projects to local conditions [147]. Despite the urgent need for resettling after wind hazards, scientists noticed the environmental impacts of temporary housing during the recovery period [148]. The idea of sustainability is incorporated in the urban post-disaster recovery projects [149], with an emphasis on structural design [150] and green infrastructure projects [151, 152]. Hoe- ferlin promoted sustainability by reusing old buildings instead of demolishing them in New PLOS ONE Review on wind adaptation in cities PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248503 March 17, 2021 10 / 26