Wind disasters adaptation in cities in a changing climate: A systematic review

RESEARCH ARTICLE Wind disasters adaptation in cities in a changing climate: A systematic review Yue He1,2, Boqun Wu1, Pan He3,4, Weiyi Gu1, Beibei LiuID1,5* 1 State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China, 2 Department of Environmental Systems Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zu¨ rich, Switzerland, 3 Department of Earth System Science/Institute for Global Change Studies, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, 4 School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom, 5 The John Hopkins University-Nanjing University Center for Chinese and American Studies, Nanjing, China * Lbeibei@nju.edu.cn Abstract Wind-related disasters will bring more devastating consequences to cities in the future with a changing climate, but relevant studies have so far provided insufficient information to guide adaptation actions. This study aims to provide an in-depth elaboration of the contents discussed in open access literature regarding wind disaster adaptation in cities. We used the Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) to refine topics and main contents based on 232 publi- cations (1900 to 2019) extracted from Web of Science and Scopus. We conducted a full-text analysis to filter out focal cities along with their adaptation measures. The results show that wind disaster adaptation research in cities has formed a systematic framework in four aspects: 1) vulnerability and resilience of cities, 2) damage evaluation, 3) response and

recovery, and 4) health impacts of wind disaster. Climate change is the background for many articles discussing vulnerability and adaptation in coastal areas. It is also embedded in damage evaluation since it has the potential to exacerbate disaster consequences. The literature is strongly inclined towards more developed cities such as New York City and New Orleans, among which New York City associated with Hurricane Sandy ranks first (38/232). Studies on New York City cover all the aspects, including the health impacts of wind disas- ters which are significantly less studied now. Distinct differences do exist in the number of measures regarding the adaptation categories and their subcategories. We also find that hard adaptation measures (i.e., structural and physical measures) are far more popular than soft adaptation measures (i.e., social and institutional measures). Our findings suggest that policymakers should pay more attention to cities that have experienced major wind disasters other than New York. They should embrace the up-to-date climate change study to defend short-term disasters and take precautions against long-term changes. They should also develop hard-soft hybrid adaptation measures, with special attention on the soft side, and enhance the health impact study of wind-related disasters. PLOS ONE PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248503 March 17, 2021 1 / 26 a1111111111 a1111111111 a1111111111 a1111111111 a1111111111 OPEN ACCESS Citation: He Y, Wu B, He P, Gu W, Liu B (2021) Wind disasters adaptation in cities in a changing

climate: A systematic review. PLoS ONE 16(3): e0248503. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. pone.0248503 Editor: Delei Li, Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of Sciences, CHINA Received: August 20, 2020 Accepted: February 28, 2021 Published: March 17, 2021 Copyright: © 2021 He et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Data Availability Statement: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files. Funding: a) No.71874078, BL, National Natural Science Foundation of China, http://www.nsfc.gov. cn/english/site_1/index.html. The funder had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. b) No.71921003, BL, National Natural Science Foundation of China, http://www.nsfc.gov. cn/english/site_1/index.html. The funder had no role in study design, data collection and analysis,