Unveiling invasive insect threats to plant biodiversity: Leveraging eDNA metabarcoding and saturated salt trap solutions for biosurveillance

39. Government of Canada CFIA. Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (Grape phylloxera)–Fact sheet. 28 Sep 2020 [cited 4 Jul 2022]. Available: https://inspection.canada.ca/plant-health/invasive-species/insects/grape- phylloxera/fact-sheet/eng/1600978591235/1600978591610 40. Ministry of Northern Development, Mines, Natural Resources and Foresty. In: https://www.ontario.ca/ page/spongy-moth#section-0 [Internet]. 17 Jun 2022 [cited 28 Jun 2022]. Available: http://www.ontario. ca/page/spongy-moth 41. Haq M, O’Toole A, Beecker J, Gooderham MJ. Return of Lymantria dispar dispar (gypsy moth): A case report. SAGE Open Medical Case Reports. 2021; 9: 2050313X211057926. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 2050313X211057926 PMID: 34925837 42. Klein M. Popillia japonica (Japanese beetle). 16 Nov 2021 [cited 28 Jun 2022]. https://doi.org/10.1079/ ISC.43599.20203373917 43. Government of Canada CFIA. Popillia Japonica (Japanese Beetle)—Fact Sheet. 16 Aug 2017 [cited 28 Jun 2022]. Available: https://inspection.canada.ca/plant-health/invasive-species/insects/japanese- beetle/fact-sheet/eng/1328165101975/1328165185309 44. Fleming WE. Biology of the Japanese Beetle. 1972. 45. USDA/APHIS 2015. Managing the Japanese Beetle. A Homeowner’s Handbook. US Dept. Agric.— Google Search. [cited 28 Jun 2022]. Available: https://www.google.com/search?q=USDA%2FAPHIS +2015.+Managing+the+Japanese+Beetle.+A+Homeowner%E2%80%99s+Handbook.+US+Dept. +Agric.&rlz=1C5CHFA_enUS725CU761&oq=USDA%2FAPHIS+2015.+Managing+the+Japanese +Beetle.+A+Homeowner%E2%80%99s+Handbook.+US+Dept.+Agric.&aqs=chrome..69i57j69i58.

440j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8 46. Grebennikov VV, Gill BD, Vigneault R. Trichoferus campestris (Faldermann) (Coleoptera: Cerambyci- dae), An Asian Wood-Boring Beetle Recorded in North America. cole. 2010; 64: 13–20. https://doi.org/ 10.1649/0010-065X-64.1.13 47. Iwata R, Yamada F. Notes on the biology of Hesperophanes campestris (Faldermann) (Col., Ceramby- cidae), a drywood borer in Japan. Material und Organismen. 1990; 25: 305–313. 48. Hesperophanes campestris. [cited 4 Jul 2022]. Available: https://ocul-gue.primo.exlibrisgroup.com 49. Crookes S, Heer T, Castañeda RA, Mandrak NE, Heath DD, Weyl OLF, et al. Monitoring the silver carp invasion in Africa: a case study using environmental DNA (eDNA) in dangerous watersheds. NeoBiota. 2020; 56: 31–47. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.56.47475 50. Allison MJ, Round JM, Bergman LC, Mirabzadeh A, Allen H, Weir A, et al. The effect of silica desicca- tion under different storage conditions on filter-immobilized environmental DNA. BMC Res Notes. 2021; 14: 106. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-021-05530-x PMID: 33743816 51. Matthias L, Allison MJ, Maslovat CY, Hobbs J, Helbing CC. Improving ecological surveys for the detec- tion of cryptic, fossorial snakes using eDNA on and under artificial cover objects. Ecological Indicators. 2021; 131: 108187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2021.108187 52. Lehman RN, Poulakis GR, Scharer RM, Hendon JM, Court AG, Wooley AK, et al. Environmental DNA evidence of the Critically Endangered smalltooth sawfish, Pristis pectinata, in historically occupied US

waters. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems. 2022; 32: 42–54. https://doi.org/10. 1002/aqc.3721 53. Marchioro M, Rassati D, Faccoli M, Van Rooyen K, Kostanowicz C, Webster V, et al. Maximizing Bark and Ambrosia Beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Catches in Trapping Surveys for Longhorn and Jewel Beetles. Journal of Economic Entomology. 2020; 113: 2745–2757. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/toaa181 PMID: 32964240 54. Flaherty L, Gutowski JMG, Hughes C, Mayo P, Mokrzycki T, Pohl G, et al. Pheromone-enhanced lure blends and multiple trap heights improve detection of bark and wood-boring beetles potentially moved in solid wood packaging. J Pest Sci. 2019; 92: 309–325. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10340-018-1019-4 55. Alm SR, Yeh T, Dawson CG, Klein MG. Evaluation of Trapped Beetle Repellency, Trap Height, and String Pheromone Dispensers on Japanese Beetle Captures (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Environmen- tal Entomology. 1996; 25: 1274–1278. https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/25.6.1274 56. Alm SR, Yeh T, Campo ML, Dawson CG, Jenkins EB, Simeoni AE. Modified Trap Designs and Heights for Increased Capture of Japanese Beetle Adults (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Journal of Economic Entomology. 1994; 87: 775–780. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/87.3.775 57. Wermelinger B, Flu¨ckiger PF, Obrist MK, Duelli P. Horizontal and vertical distribution of saproxylic bee- tles (Col., Buprestidae, Cerambycidae, Scolytinae) across sections of forest edges. Journal of Applied Entomology. 2007; 131: 104–114. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0418.2006.01128.x

58. Francese JA, Oliver JB, Fraser I, Lance DR, Youssef N, Sawyer AJ, et al. Influence of Trap Placement and Design on Capture of the Emerald Ash Borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). Journal of Economic Ento- mology. 2008; 101: 1831–1837. https://doi.org/10.1603/0022-0493-101.6.1831 PMID: 19133464 PLOS ONE Unveiling invasive insect threats to plant biodiversity PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0290036 August 11, 2023 23 / 24