Drivers of urban biodiversity in Mexico and joint risks from future urban expansion, climate change, and urban heat island effect

S1 Data. Supplementary tables. (XLSX) Acknowledgments We thank Robbie Burger and three anonymous reviewers for their very helpful comments on previous drafts of this manuscript. Author Contributions Conceptualization: Julia´n A. Velasco, Francisco Estrada, Constantino Gonza´lez-Salazar. Data curation: Julia´n A. Velasco, Carlos Luna-Arangure´, Oscar Caldero´n-Bustamante, Alma Mendoza-Ponce, Constantino Gonza´lez-Salazar. Formal analysis: Julia´n A. Velasco, Alma Mendoza-Ponce, Francisco Estrada, Constantino Gonza´lez-Salazar. Investigation: Julia´n A. Velasco. Methodology: Julia´n A. Velasco. Visualization: Oscar Caldero´n-Bustamante, Alma Mendoza-Ponce. Writing – original draft: Julia´n A. Velasco, Francisco Estrada. Writing – review & editing: Julia´n A. Velasco, Carlos Luna-Arangure´, Alma Mendoza-Ponce, Francisco Estrada, Constantino Gonza´lez-Salazar. References 1. Bettencourt LM, Lobo J, Helbing D, Ku¨hnert C, West GB. Growth, innovation, scaling, and the pace of life in cities. Proceedings of the national academy of sciences. 2007; 104: 7301–7306. https://doi.org/ 10.1073/pnas.0610172104 PMID: 17438298 2. Burger JR, Weinberger VP, Marquet PA. Extra-metabolic energy use and the rise in human hyper-den- sity. Scientific reports. 2017; 7: 1–5. 3. Ribeiro HV, Oehlers M, Moreno-Monroy AI, Kropp JP, Rybski D. Association between population dis- tribution and urban GDP scaling. Plos one. 2021; 16: e0245771. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone. 0245771 PMID: 33481927 4. McKinney ML. Urbanization as a major cause of biotic homogenization. Biological conservation. 2006;

127: 247–260. 5. Williams NS, Schwartz MW, Vesk PA, McCarthy MA, Hahs AK, Clemants SE, et al. A conceptual framework for predicting the effects of urban environments on floras. Journal of ecology. 2009; 97: 4– 9. 6. Faeth SH, Bang C, Saari S. Urban biodiversity: patterns and mechanisms. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2011; 1223: 69–81. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05925.x PMID: 21449966 7. Aronson MF, La Sorte FA, Nilon CH, Katti M, Goddard MA, Lepczyk CA, et al. A global analysis of the impacts of urbanization on bird and plant diversity reveals key anthropogenic drivers. Proceedings of the royal society B: biological sciences. 2014; 281: 20133330. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.3330 PMID: 24523278 8. Shochat E, Lerman SB, Anderies JM, Warren PS, Faeth SH, Nilon CH. Invasion, competition, and bio- diversity loss in urban ecosystems. BioScience. 2010; 60: 199–208. 9. Santini L, Gonza´ lez-Sua´ rez M, Russo D, Gonzalez-Voyer A, von Hardenberg A, Ancillotto L. One strategy does not fit all: determinants of urban adaptation in mammals. Ecology Letters. 2019; 22: 365–376. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.13199 PMID: 30575254 10. Callaghan CT, Benedetti Y, Wilshire JH, Morelli F. Avian trait specialization is negatively associated with urban tolerance. Oikos. 2020; 129: 1541–1551. PLOS ONE Urban biodiversity and anthropogenic pressures PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0308522 October 4, 2024 15 / 19